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Nervous Systems

Basic Tasks of the Nervous System. Sensory Input: Monitor both external and internal ... The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal cord. ...

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Nervous Systems

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    Slide 1:Nervous Systems

    Slide 2:Structure of a Vertebrate Neuron

    Slide 3:Diversity of Nervous Systems

    Simple, slow moving animals like hydra have neurons arranged in a network of bipolar neurons called a nerve net.

    Slide 4:Basic Tasks of the Nervous System

    Sensory Input: Monitor both external and internal environments. Integration: Process the information and often integrate it with stored information. Motor output: If necessary, signal effector organs to make an appropriate response.

    A system that controls all of the activities of the body. The nervous system is made of: The nervous system also allows you to react to a stimulus. A stimulus is a change in the environment. Example: A hot stove Or tripping over a rock Your reactions are automatic. Automatic means that you do not have to think about your reactions. Example: If a bug flies by your eye, you will blink. An organ that controls your emotions, your thoughts, and every movement you make. The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal cord. The Central Nervous System controls everything in the body.

    Slide 10:

    The Outer Nervous System is made of the nerves and the sense organs. Messages carried throughout the body by nerves. You have a nerve along your whole arm. The funny bone is the only place on the arm where the nerve is not protected. The funny bone is on the elbow.

    Slide 14:Cell body: functional portion Dendrites: short extensions that receive signals Axon: long extension that transmits impulses away

    Slide 15:Nerve Impulse - The Action Potential

    Threshold potential will trigger an action potential or nerve impulse The action potential is an all-or-none response

    Slide 16:Myelinated Neurons

    Myelin sheathing allows these neurons to conduct nerve impulses faster than in non-myelinated neurons.

    Slide 17:Saltatory Conduction in Myelinated Axons

    Myelin sheathing has bare patches of axon called nodes of Ranvier Action potentials jump from node to node Fig. 48.11

    Slide 18:How does a signal move from one neuron to another?

    A synape divides 2 neurons The action potential will not move across the synape Neuro transmitters Released by the signal cell to the receiver cell Move by diffusion

    Slide 20:Types of chemical synapse

    Acetylcholine: neuromuscular junctions, glands, brain and spinal cord Norepinepherine: affects brain regions concerned with emotions, dreaming

    * The Central Nervous System controls all of the bodys activities. * The Central Nervous System is made of two main organs. * The spinal cord sends messages to the brain. * The spinal cord is the part of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system. * The brain controls everything in the body. * The brain is made of more than 10 billion nerves! * The brain is divided into three parts and is protected by the skull. * The Brain has three main parts 1. The Cerebrum 2. The Cerebellum 3. The Brain Stem * The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. 1. The cerebrum controls your thinking. 2. The cerebrum controls your memory. 3. The cerebrum controls your speaking. 4. The cerebrum controls your movement and identifies the information gathered by your sense organs. * The cerebellum is below and to the back of the cerebrum. * The Brain Stem connects the brain to the spinal cord. * The nerves in the brain stem control your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure. * The vertebrae are the many bones that protect the nerves in the spinal cord. * The Outer Nervous Systems job is to connect the Central Nervous System to the rest of the body. * The outer nervous system carries messages between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. * The outer nervous system is made of the nerves and the sense organs. * An automatic reaction that happens without thinking about it. * A reflex happens quickly in less than a second. * The outer nervous system controls the bodys activities that you dont think about. * The outer nervous system controls activities in your small intestine, your breathing, and your heartbeat. Sense organs carry messages about the environment to the central nervous system. The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin are examples of sense organs. The sense organs gather information (light, sound, heat, and pressure) from the environment. The environment is everything outside the body. The sense organs gather information from outside the body, then send the messages to the brain. Vision is your ability to see. Vision involves the eye and the brain.

    Slide 46:Parts of the Eye

    Detectors on the Fovea Rods light intensity and motion sensitive Cones color sensitive The blind spot for the eye is cause by the optic nerve.

    Slide 49:Myopia (Near-Sightedness)

    People with near-sightedness cannot see clearly at distance.

    Slide 50:Hyperopia (Farsightedness)

    People with far-sightedness cannot see clearly up close

    When a sound is made, the air around the sound vibrates. Hearing starts when some of the sound waves go into the ear. There are nine main parts of the ear. 1. Pinna 2. Ear canal 3. Ear drum 5. Anvil 6. Stirrup 7. Cochlea 4. Hammer 8. Eustachian tube 9. Auditory nerve The ear canal is the tube between the outside of the ear and the ear drum. The ear drum is in the middle ear. It vibrates when sound waves hit it. The pinna is the part of the ear that you can see. The three smallest bones in the body, the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup, are in the middle ear. The hammer gets the vibrations from the eardrum, then sends them to the anvil. The anvil passes the vibrations to the stirrup. The stirrup passes the vibrations to the inner ear. The inner ear is made of the cochlea and liquid. The cochlea is in the inner ear. The cochlea looks like a shell. The Eustachian tube controls the amount of pressure in the ear. The auditory nerve carries the hearing information to the brain and the brain tells us what we heard. The ear works with the brain to control your balance. All of your movements are controlled by balance and muscles. The liquid in your inner ear is responsible for your balance. The liquid in your ear moves when we move. The liquid movement sends information to the brain to tell it how we are moving. The sense of touch is located in the skin. The nerves in the skin allow us to feel texture, pressure, heat, cold, and pain. Texture is how something feels. The nose controls your sense of smell. The nose is able to smell 80 different kinds of smells. Your sense of taste comes from the taste buds in the tongue. Taste buds are the parts on the tongue that allow us to taste. The four kinds of taste buds are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. Tastes and smells work together to make flavors. Flavors are the tastes of food and drinks.

    Slide 63: Addictive Drug Use: Tobacco, Alcohol, & Illicit Drugs

    Dr. Robert B. Coambs Psy333 November, 2002

    Slide 64:All addictive drugs produce: Short-term pleasure to some degree Long-term negative consequences Tolerance & physical dependence A withdrawal syndrome Activation of dopamine neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens

    Pharmacology of Addictive Drugs

    Source: Gray

    Slide 65:Transmission Across the Synapse

    Slide 66:How Drugs Become Addictive

    Slide 67:Detail of Axon Terminal

    Neurotransmitter molecules (e.g., Acetylcholine or Dopamine) Postsynaptic membrane

    Slide 68:Detail of the Synapse Itself

    Binding site

    Slide 69:How binding sites work

    Slide 70:Neurotransmitter re-uptake helps keep binding sites clear

    Slide 71:Cocaine inhibits the re-uptake of dopamine producing effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure

    Nicotine fills & activates acetylcholine binding sites producing effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure

    Slide 73:What is Addiction?

    All definitions describe behaviour which produces positive sensations in the short term, but negative consequences in the long term A straightforward definition: Compulsive use Loss of control Use despite harm * Portnoy

    Slide 74:How People Start Using Drugs

    Genetics Predisposing risk factors: Age 11-22 for onset Primitive character structures Especially Conduct Disorder Peer influence Parental influence Smoking and alcohol use Constricted temporal focus?

    Kozlowski, Coambs, et al., 1989

    Slide 75:Nicotine Use is Associated With Other Drug Use

    Slide 76:Some People Never Start

    Factors which reduce risk: Age 35+ Nuanced character structures No Peer influence No Parental drug use history No other smoking or alcohol abuse E.G., the SISAP

    Slide 77:Basic Treatment For Addiction

    Treat the urges directly, if possible Establish why the person uses the drug What needs are being fulfilled by that drug? Find methods to fulfil those needs without the drug

    Slide 78:How People Quit Drug Abuse

    Most quit on their own (cold turkey) Most use no medication Probably those people who can quit easily do so Clinicians tend to see the difficult cases Ambivalence is normal Most quit by age 40

    Slide 79:Relapse Prevention

    Plan for relapse: Abstinence Violation Effect Relapse is common: it is not failure! Repeated relapse is associated with success in quitting Learn from it in next attempt Find a way to control urges

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