Desalination & Water Reuse Infrastructure_ Duplex and Super Duplex Tube & Pipe as the Backbone of Sustainable Water Proj

1. Desalination & Water Reuse Infrastructure: Duplex and Super Duplex Tube & Pipe as the Backbone of Sustainable Water Projects Introduction Water scarcity is one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. With rapid urbanization, industrialization, and climate change affecting global freshwater availability, desalination and water reuse infrastructure have become vital pillars of sustainable development. These technologies transform seawater or wastewater into usable resources — but they demand materials that can withstand extreme corrosion, high pressure, and continuous operation. That’s where Duplex and Super Duplex Tube and Pipe solutions come in. Known for their exceptional strength, corrosion resistance, and durability, these stainless steels have become indispensable for modern desalination plants and advanced water reuse systems.

2. As a leading Manufacturer of Heat Exchanger Tubes and Electropolished Stainless Steel Tube, Krystal Global Engineering Ltd plays a crucial role in supporting these water sustainability projects through high-performance tubing and piping products. The Growing Importance of Desalination and Water Reuse Global Water Stress and Technological Solutions ● Over 2 billion people globally face water scarcity for at least one month a year. ● The demand for potable water is expected to increase by 55% by 2050. ● Desalination plants and wastewater recycling facilities are expanding rapidly in the Middle East, Asia-Pacific, and coastal regions of North America. To meet this challenge, industries are investing heavily in high-efficiency, corrosion-resistant materials for critical water systems — a role perfectly suited to Duplex and Super Duplex Tube and Pipe. Why Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel Are Ideal for Water Projects 1. Superior Corrosion Resistance Desalination and reuse plants handle aggressive environments where seawater, brine, and chlorine-based chemicals can corrode ordinary metals. Duplex and Super Duplex Tube and Pipe offer exceptional resistance to: ● Pitting and crevice corrosion ● Stress corrosion cracking ● Chloride attack

3. The higher chromium (up to 26%), molybdenum, and nitrogen content in Super Duplex stainless steel makes it ideal for reverse osmosis (RO) systems and evaporator tubing in desalination plants. 2. High Mechanical Strength Duplex stainless steel has twice the strength of austenitic grades (like 316L). This allows engineers to use thinner wall sections while maintaining structural integrity, reducing overall material costs and weight — crucial in large-scale piping networks. 3. Longer Service Life and Cost Efficiency With high corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, Duplex and Super Duplex Tube and Pipe deliver a lower lifecycle cost compared to traditional carbon steel or coated alternatives. Less maintenance, fewer replacements, and improved operational reliability make them the sustainable choice. Applications in Desalination and Water Reuse Infrastructure 1. Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems In RO plants, seawater passes through membranes at high pressure. Super Duplex stainless steel pipes are used in: ● High-pressure piping loops ● Pressure vessels and manifolds ● Concentrate and permeate lines These systems require materials that resist chloride-induced corrosion, making Super Duplex Tube and Pipe the preferred option. 2. Evaporators and Condensers As a Manufacturer of Heat Exchanger Tubes, Krystal Global Engineering Ltd supplies Duplex and Super Duplex tubes that enhance heat transfer efficiency and resist scaling and corrosion. These are used in:

4. ● Multi-stage flash (MSF) evaporators ● Multi-effect distillation (MED) units ● Brine heaters and condensers The thermal performance and longevity of heat exchanger tubes directly impact plant efficiency and energy consumption. 3. Pumping Stations and Intake Piping Desalination facilities often operate in marine environments with high salinity and sand abrasion. Duplex stainless steel intake and discharge pipes resist wear, ensuring smooth flow and minimal downtime. 4. Brine Disposal and Outfall Systems The brine reject stream from desalination plants is highly concentrated and corrosive. Super Duplex piping systems are essential for brine discharge lines, especially when submerged in seawater for long durations. 5. Wastewater Treatment & Reuse In municipal or industrial reuse systems, Duplex Tube and Pipe materials are used in: ● Sludge treatment systems ● UV disinfection chambers ● Filtration systems They handle aggressive cleaning chemicals and fluctuating pH levels without degradation. Electropolished Stainless Steel Tube for Hygienic and High-Performance Applications

5. While Duplex and Super Duplex Tube and Pipe serve heavy-duty infrastructure, Electropolished Stainless Steel Tube is essential for high-purity water systems, especially in: ● Pharmaceuticals ● Semiconductor manufacturing ● Food & beverage processing Electropolishing smoothens the inner surface of the tube, minimizing contamination, improving flow, and preventing microbial buildup. At Krystal Global Engineering Ltd, each Electropolished Stainless Steel Tube undergoes precision finishing and stringent quality control, ensuring long-term reliability and compliance with global standards. Comparing Duplex, Super Duplex, and Austenitic Stainless Steels Property Duplex Stainless Steel Super Duplex Stainless Steel Austenitic (304/316L) Chromium (Cr) 21–23% 24–26% 16–18% Molybdenum (Mo) 2.5–3.5% 3.5–4.5% Up to 2.5% Tensile Strength ~750 MPa ~850 MPa ~550 MPa Corrosion Resistance High Very High Moderate Cost-Effectiveness Excellent High (premium) Moderate Applications Piping, tanks Offshore, desalination General fabrication This table highlights why Duplex and Super Duplex Tube and Pipe have become industry standards in desalination and water reuse facilities, far outperforming conventional grades. Key Benefits for EPC Contractors and Project Developers 1. Reduced Maintenance and Downtime

6. Duplex and super duplex systems resist localized corrosion, eliminating frequent maintenance or unplanned shutdowns. 2. Improved Flow Efficiency Smooth inner surfaces — especially in Electropolished Stainless Steel Tubes — reduce friction, scaling, and biofouling, ensuring consistent flow rates. 3. Enhanced Safety and Reliability Their ability to withstand pressure surges, aggressive fluids, and temperature variations ensures long-term operational safety — critical in large water treatment facilities. 4. Compliance with International Standards Krystal Global Engineering’s tubes and pipes comply with international standards such as: ● ASTM A789 / A790 for Duplex Stainless Steel Pipes ● ASTM A928 for Super Duplex Welded Pipes ● ASTM A249 / A270 for Electropolished Tubes Such compliance provides assurance to global clients regarding quality and traceability. Manufacturing Excellence at Krystal Global Engineering Ltd As a leading Manufacturer of Heat Exchanger Tubes and specialist in Duplex and Super Duplex Tube and Pipe, Krystal Global Engineering Ltd integrates cutting-edge manufacturing technologies, including: ● Precision cold drawing and pilgering for tight dimensional control ● Solution annealing for uniform microstructure ● Automatic orbital welding for leak-free joints

7. ● Eddy current and hydrostatic testing for quality assurance ● Electropolishing and passivation for enhanced surface finish This ensures each product delivers optimal corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and surface hygiene, suitable for critical desalination and reuse applications. Sustainability Advantage: Duplex and Super Duplex in the Circular Economy Sustainability doesn’t stop at water reuse — it extends to the materials that make it possible. Duplex and Super Duplex stainless steels align with circular economy principles because they are: ● 100% recyclable with no loss in properties ● Durable and long-lasting, minimizing waste ● Energy-efficient due to thinner wall designs and lightweight strength By choosing Duplex and Super Duplex Tube and Pipe, project developers can lower the carbon footprint of desalination and reuse plants, aligning with global sustainability goals such as UN SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation. Case Studies: Real-World Success with Duplex & Super Duplex Tubing 1. Middle East Desalination Projects ● Several large RO plants in Saudi Arabia and UAE have adopted Super Duplex Tube and Pipe for brine outfalls and high-pressure loops. ● These materials have delivered over 25 years of maintenance-free service, outperforming coated carbon steel alternatives.

8. 2. Indian Wastewater Reuse Facilities ● Municipalities in India are increasingly using Duplex stainless steel piping for treated effluent distribution networks. ● The result: 40% lower maintenance costs and enhanced reliability in tropical, chloride-rich environments. 3. Heat Exchangers for Industrial Water Reuse ● Manufacturer Heat Exchanger Tubes like Krystal’s Duplex series are now replacing copper-nickel tubes in water-reuse condensers due to their higher strength-to-weight ratio and better corrosion resistance. Design Considerations When Selecting Duplex and Super Duplex Materials When designing a desalination or water reuse system, engineers should consider: ● Corrosive media (chloride concentration, pH, temperature) ● Pressure ratings and flow dynamics ● Welding compatibility (matching filler materials) ● Mechanical stress and fatigue loading ● Long-term cost versus initial investment Krystal’s engineering team works closely with EPC firms and design consultants to provide customized Duplex and Super Duplex Tube and Pipe solutions, ensuring technical accuracy and long-term performance. Future Outlook: Material Technology for Sustainable Water Infrastructure

9. The future of sustainable water management depends on smarter materials. Innovations in metallurgy, surface finishing, and digital monitoring will further enhance the performance of Duplex and Super Duplex steels. Emerging technologies such as AI-driven corrosion monitoring, smart tubing with embedded sensors, and low-carbon stainless steel production will make water infrastructure even more resilient and sustainable. Krystal Global Engineering Ltd continues to invest in R&D and advanced manufacturing capabilities to remain at the forefront of this transformation — supplying the materials that sustain life itself. Conclusion From desalination plants turning seawater into fresh water, to advanced wastewater reuse systems safeguarding cities against scarcity — the world’s water future depends on reliability and sustainability. Duplex and Super Duplex Tube and Pipe are not just materials; they’re enablers of global progress, ensuring that every drop of water is treated, reused, and conserved efficiently. As a trusted Manufacturer of Heat Exchanger Tubes and Electropolished Stainless Steel Tube, Krystal Global Engineering Ltd stands committed to powering sustainable water solutions with cutting-edge stainless steel technology, unmatched quality, and engineering excellence.