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1. WOODEN HISTORY ESSAY ON WOOD AND WOOD Wood is the most versatile and abundant building material in the world. There are two different types of woods; softwood and hardwood. Softwood comes from conifer trees, which are trees that don’t lose their leaves in the fall. Hardwood comes from deciduous trees, which are trees that lose their leaves in the fall. Wood has two big drawbacks: warping and rotting. Wood is prone to warp if it is not stored in constant humidity. Wood will rot if water gets into the wood. For wood to be structurally sound it cannot be rotten or warped. Wood has multiple causes, and if it is not solved, the effects could be dire. To get boards out of trees, trees must go through a milling process. The first part of milling trees is cutting them down and cutting all the limbs off. After all the limbs are cut off, the trees are cut into different lengths. Once the trees are cut to their length, the trees must be debarked. FURNITURE Furniture refers to objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g.,stool,chairs and sofas), eating (tables), storing items, working, and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks). Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work (as horizontal surfaces above the ground, such as tables and desks), or to store things (e.g.,cupboards, shelves, and drawers). Furniture can be a product of design and can be considered a form of decorative art. In addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a symbolic religious purpose. It can be made from a vast multitude of materials, including metal,plastic, and wood.Furniture can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflects the local culture. People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilization and continues Today in some households/campsites. Archaeological research shows that

2. from around 30,000 years ago, people started to construct and carve their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers and beds all constructed from stone. Complex construction techniques such as joinery began in the early dynastic period of ancient Egypt. This era saw constructed wooden pieces, including stools and tables, sometimes decorated with valuable metals or ivory. The evolution of furniture design continued in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, with thrones being commonplace as well as the klinai, multipurpose couches used for relaxing, eating, and sleeping. The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented. Furniture design expanded during the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterised by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs. The nineteenth century is usually defined by revival styles. THE WOODEN HISTORY Wood is a treasure of nature that has accompanied humanity on its journey through time. From prehistoric times to the present day, wood has been an essential resource in construction, craftsmanship and everyday life. This versatile and durable material has allowed us to create impressive structures, preserve our culture and connect with nature. In this article, we will explore the most prominent stages in the history of wood and how it has influenced the development of civilization. Early humans discovered the potential of wood as an essential resource for survival. Using branches and logs as building material, they created shelters to protect themselves from the elements. As society developed, carpentry techniques were used to create tools, furniture, and everyday objects.Ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian and Chinese, made extensive use of wood in their buildings and monuments, leaving a lasting legacy in history. The tree and its wood have played a prominent role in human life throughout history. Wood has been one of our most important

3. building materials from early Palaeolithic times, both for building and for the manufacture of tools, weapons, and furniture. From the earliest times, the use of wood involved consideration of quality, cost and availability, as well as the intended use of the product. Scarcity of valuable timber led to careful and economic use. Boards were carefully matched and fitted; blemishes were removed and filled. Practices begun many centuries ago are still carried over, with refinement, to the current use of wood for high quality applications. Early humans used wood because it was available and no elaborate tools were needed to work it. In the early days, however, the quality of the products depended more on the quality of the wood and the skill of the workman than on the tools available for woodworking. The development of copper tools by about 5000 BC opened new opportunities for craftsmanship – opportunities that have been carried forward to this day. THE MIDDLE AGE AND WOOD IN ARCHITECTURE During the Middle Ages, wood became a key element in architecture and shipbuilding. Majestic castles and cathedrals were built with impressive wooden structures. The Vikings used wood to build their famous ships, allowing them to explore new lands and establish trade routes. Wood was considered a symbol of wealth and power, reflecting the importance it had in society. CHANGE WOOD IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, wood faced new challenges and opportunities. The use of iron and steel began to gain ground in construction and machinery, temporarily diminishing the widespread use of wood. However, wood continued to be an important material in the construction of furniture and objects of daily use. A FUTURE FOR WOOD The history of wood is a fascinating chronicle of exploration, creativity and adaptation. Throughout the centuries, wood has been a valuable

4. treasure that has helped build and enrich our civilization.Today, with greater environmental awareness, wood is once again being appreciated as a material of the future. Its warmth, beauty and sustainability make it a popular choice in modern construction. With a promising future, wood will continue to surprise us with new possibilities and applications, connecting us with our history and with nature itself. THE RESURGENCE OF WOOD In recent decades, there has been a resurgence in the use of wood in construction, thanks to a growing interest in sustainability and the environment.Wood is a renewable and sustainable resource, which offers an ecological alternative to conventional materials. Advances in treatment and protection techniques have allowed wood to be used outdoors with exceptional durability.