TNPSC Study material Early agitations against British rule (in Tamil Nadu) - PPT

2. Early Agitations Against British Rule (in Tamil Nadu) Role of Women in Indian Freedom Struggle gpupl;b gpupl;b\ \; ; Ml;rpf;F Ml;rpf;F vjpuhd vjpuhd Muk;gfhy ( (jkpo;ehl;by jkpo;ehl;by;) ;) , ,e;jpa e;jpa Rje;jpu Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ; ngz;fspd Muk;gfhy Nghuhl;lq;fs Nghuhl;lq;fs; ; ngz;fspd; ; gq;F gq;F

3. mwpKfk mwpKfk;;  Mq;fpNyaf Mq;fpNyaf; ; fpof;fpe;jpaf gyUila gyUila Ml;rpg;gFjpfis Ml;rpg;gFjpfis ntw;wp nfhz;lJk nfhz;lJk; ; jq;fsJ jq;fsJ vy;iyia tpupTg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;Nl tpupTg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;Nl NghdJk njhlu;r;rpahd njhlu;r;rpahd gy gy fpsu;r;rpfSf;F toptFj;jd toptFj;jd. . Introduction The conquest of territories and the expansionist policy of the British East India Company led to a series of rebellions of deposed kings, or their descendants, uprooted zamindars, and palayakarars. fpof;fpe;jpaf; ; fk;ngdp fk;ngdp ntw;wp vy;iyia NghdJk; ; fpsu;r;rpfSf;F  mtu;fshy mtu;fshy; ; gjtpapypUe;J kd;du;fs kd;du;fs; ; my;yJ my;yJ mtu;fspd jq;fs jq;fs; ; Ml;rpg;gFjpapypUe;J Ml;rpg;gFjpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l ntspNaw;wg;gl;l [ [kPd;jhu;fs ghisaf;fhuu;fs ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ; MfpNahuhy , ,j;jifia j;jifia fpsu;r;rpfs fpsu;r;rpfs; ; Vw;gl;ld gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;l mtu;fspd; ; thupRfs ePf;fg;gl;l thupRfs;> ;> Historians describe this as primary resistance. Independent of such revolts were the uprisings of the dispossessed peasants and tribals. kPd;jhu;fs;> ;> MfpNahuhy; ; Vw;gl;ld. .

4.  tuyhw;whrpupau;fs tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; , njhlf;fepiy njhlf;fepiy vjpu;g;G Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;fs Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;fs;. ;. cilikfs gwpf;fg;gl;l gwpf;fg;gl;l tptrhapfs tptrhapfs;> ;> goq;Fbfs MfpNahupd MfpNahupd; ; vOr;rpAk vOr;rpAk; , fpsu;r;rpfisnahl;bj fpsu;r;rpfisnahl;bj; ; Njhd;wpd Ntshz Ntshz; ; cwTfspYk cwTfspYk;> ;> epy KiwapYk KiwapYk;> ;> ePjp ePjp epu;thfj;jpYk Mq;fpNyau Mq;fpNyau; ; nra;j nra;j kpf khw;wq;fs khw;wq;fs; ; gw;wp gw;wp Ke;ija Ke;ija ghlk tpupthff tpupthff; $ ; $wpAs;sJ wpAs;sJ. , Ntshz Ntshz; ; nghUshjhu nghUshjhu mikg;gpy ngUk ngUk; ; rpf;fy;fis rpf;fy;fis Vw;gLj;jpd r%fj;jpd r%fj;jpd; ; gy;NtW gy;NtW gpupTfisr rhu;e;j rhu;e;j kf;fSk kf;fSk; ; mtjpg;gl;lhu;fs mtjpg;gl;lhu;fs;. ;. ; ,ijj ijj; ; vjpu;g;G vd;W cilikfs; ;  The rapid changes introduced by the British in the agrarian relations, land revenue system, and judicial administration, elaborated in the previous lesson, greatly disrupted the agrarian economy, resulting in widespread misery among various sections of the society. vd;W goq;Fbfs; ; ; ,j;jifa j;jifa Njhd;wpd. . epy tUtha tUtha; ; epu;thfj;jpYk; ; kpf tpiuthd tpiuthd ghlk; ; . ,k;khw;wq;fs k;khw;wq;fs; ; mikg;gpy; ; Vw;gLj;jpd. . gpupTfisr; ;

5. Therefore, when the aggrieved erstwhile ruling class raised a standard of revolt, the support of the mass of peasants and artisans was not lacking. vdNt vdNt> > kdf;nfhjpg;gpy kdf;nfhjpg;gpy; , , ,e;jpa e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fs Ml;rpahsu;fs; ; fyfj;jpy , ,wq;fpaNghJ wq;fpaNghJ> > mtu;fSf;F mtu;fSf;F tptrhapfs tptrhapfs;> ;> iftpidQu;fs iftpidQu;fs; ; MfpNahupd MfpNahupd; ; MjuTk MjuTk; , fpilj;jJ fpilj;jJ. . ; ,Ue;j Ue;j fyfj;jpy; ; ; ,ay;ghfNt ay;ghfNt In this lesson we discuss the happenings of that time in south India as well as the great rebellion of 1857. mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ; njd;dpe;jpahtpy ele;j ele;j epfo;TfSk epfo;TfSk; ; 1857 Mk Mz;L Mz;L ngUq;fpsu;r;rpAk ngUq;fpsu;r;rpAk; ; , ,g;ghlj;jpy g;ghlj;jpy; ; tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wd tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. . njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ; 1857 Mk; ;

6. njd;dfg njd;dfg; ; ghisaf;fhuu;fspd ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; ; Muk;gfhy vjpu;g;G vjpu;g;G ghisaq;fspd ghisaq;fspd; ; Njhw;wk Njhw;wk;; tp tp[ [aefug;Nguurpd aefug;Nguurpd; ; tPo;r;rpf;Fg murg;gpujpepjpahf murg;gpujpepjpahf kJiuf;F ehfk ehfk ehaf;fUk ehaf;fUk; ; mtUila mtUila kfd tp tp]; ];tehj tehj ehaf;fUk ehaf;fUk; ; kJiu jpUney;Ntyp jpUney;Ntyp Mfpatw;wpd Mfpatw;wpd; ; Rje;jpukhd Rje;jpukhd Ml;rpahsu;fshfj Ml;rpahsu;fshfj; ; jq;fis jq;fis cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;ldu cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;ldu;. ;. Muk;gfhy Early Resistance of Southern Palayakkarars against the British Origin of Palayams and Palayakkarars  After the decline of Vijayanagara Empire, Nagama Nayak who arrived as a viceroy to Madurai and his son Viswanatha Nayak asserted themselves as independent rulers of Madurai and Tirunelveli. tPo;r;rpf;Fg; ; gpwF kJiuf;F te;j gpwF> > te;j kfd; ; kJiu> > jstha jstha; ; mupaehaf jpwikahd jpwikahd topfhl;Ljypd Kd;dhs Kd;dhs; ; ghz ghz; bag; midj;J midj;J rpw;wuRfSk rpw;wuRfSk; ; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L> > 72 khw;wg;gl;ld khw;wg;gl;ld. . mupaehaf Kjypahupd topfhl;Ljypd; ; fPo ; bag; Nguurpd Kjypahupd; ;  Under the able guidance of prime minister Ariyanayaga Mudaliyar, all the little kingdoms of the former Pandian Empire were classified and converted into 72 palayams. fPo; ; Nguurpd; ; 72 ghisaq;fshf ghisaq;fshf

7. Viswanatha Nayak constructed a formidable fort around Madurai city, which consisted of seventy two bastions. tp tp]; typik typik kpFe;j vOg;gpdhu vOg;gpdhu;. ;. mjpy , ,Ue;jd Ue;jd. . ];tehj tehj ehaf;fu kpFe;j xU ehaf;fu; ; kJiuiar kJiuiar; ; Rw;wp xU Nfhl;ilia Nfhl;ilia mjpy; ; 72 72 muz;fs muz;fs;; Rw;wp Each of them was placed under a chief xt;nthd;Wk xt;nthd;Wk; ; xt;nthU fPo fPo; , ; ,Ue;jd Ue;jd. . xt;nthU jiyikapd jiyikapd; ; A Palayakkarar was bound to pay a fixed annual tribute or supply troops to the king and to keep order and peace over a particular area. ghisaf;fhuu ghisaf;fhuu; ; murUf;F Fwpg;gpl;l Fwpg;gpl;l jifiaf jifiaf; ; fg;gkhfr nrYj;Jtjw;Fk nrYj;Jtjw;Fk; ; NjitahdNghJ giltPuu;fis giltPuu;fis mDg;Gtjw;Fk mDg;Gtjw;Fk; ; ghisaj;jpy ghisaj;jpy; ; rl;lk rl;lk; ; xOq;if ghJfhg;gjw;Fk ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; ; flikg;gl;ltu murUf;F Mz;LNjhWk Mz;LNjhWk; ; fg;gkhfr; ; NjitahdNghJ xOq;if flikg;gl;ltu;. ;.

8.  , ,e;jf e;jf; ; flikfisAk flikfisAk; ; gpw nra;tjw;Fj nra;tjw;Fj; ; Njitahd epjpahjhuj;ijg epjpahjhuj;ijg; ; ngw mtUf;F mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd. . mf;fpuhkq;fspy mf;fpuhkq;fspy; ; mtu jpul;bdhu jpul;bdhu;. ;. gpw gzpfisAk gzpfisAk; ;  In order to enable him to perform these duties and attend to other services, a certain number of villages were granted for revenue collection. Njitahd ngw rpy rpy fpuhkq;fs fpuhkq;fs; ; mtu; ; tuptpjpj;J tuptpjpj;J epjp epjp  , ,j;Jld j;Jld; $ rpwg;GupikfSk rpwg;GupikfSk; ; ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;F ghisaf;fhuu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;ld toq;fg;gl;ld. . ; $Ljyhfg Ljyhfg; ; gy gy gl;lq;fSk gl;lq;fSk; ; In addition he was presented with several titles and privileges.  Palayakkarars had judicial powers and dispensed justice over civil and criminal cases  ghisaj;Jf;F ghisaj;Jf;F cl;gl;l Fbikapay Fbikapay; ; gpur;idfspYk gpur;idfspYk gpur;idfspYk; ; tprhuiz toq;Fk toq;Fk; ; mjpfhuKk mjpfhuKk; ; mtUf;F cl;gl;l gFjpapy gpur;idfspYk; ; Fw;wtpay tprhuiz elj;jp mtUf;F cz;L gFjpapy; ; Fw;wtpay; ; elj;jp ePjp cz;L. . ePjp

10.  Based on the topographical distribution they are classified as western palayams and eastern palayams.  ghisaq;fs ghisaq;fs; ; G+NfhsuPjpahfg gutpapUe;jjd gutpapUe;jjd; ; mbg;gilapy ghisaq;fs ghisaq;fs;> ;> fpof;Fg vdg vdg; ; gpupf;fyhk gpupf;fyhk;. ;. G+NfhsuPjpahfg; ; mbg;gilapy; ; Nkw;Fg fpof;Fg; ; ghisaq;fs ghisaq;fs; ; Nkw;Fg; ;  The palayams held by Maravar chieftains were mostly in the western parts of Tirunelveli.  kwtu kwtu; ; FWepy ghisaq;fs ghisaq;fs; ; ngUk;ghYk jpUney;Ntypapd jpUney;Ntypapd; ; Nkw;Fg;gFjpapy mike;jpUe;jd mike;jpUe;jd. . FWepy kd;du;fsplkpUe;j kd;du;fsplkpUe;j ngUk;ghYk; ; Nkw;Fg;gFjpapy; ;  The settlement of Telugu migrants in the black soil tracts, lying in the eastern part of Tirunelveli, left those parts under Nayak Palayakkarars.  fpof;Fg fpof;Fg; ; gFjpapy epyg;gug;Gfspy epyg;gug;Gfspy; ; njYq;F FbNawpapUe;jhu;fs FbNawpapUe;jhu;fs;. ;. Mit ghisaf;fhuu;fspd ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; ; fl;Lg;ghl;by , ,Ue;jd Ue;jd. . gFjpapy; ; cs;s njYq;F NgRNthu Mit ehaf;fu fl;Lg;ghl;by; ; cs;s fupry fupry; ; NgRNthu; ; ehaf;fu; ;

11. ghisaf;fhuu;fspd ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; ; fpsu;r;rp • jkpo;ehl;bd jkpo;ehl;bd; ; gy;NtW fpuhkq;fis fpuhkq;fis mlF Vuhskhff Vuhskhff; ; fld fld; ; thq;fpapUe;j Mw;fhL Mw;fhL ethg ethg; ; mq;nfy;yhk epytup epytup tR+y;nra;Ak tR+y;nra;Ak; ; cupikia fk;ngdpf;F fk;ngdpf;F mspj;jhu mspj;jhu;. ;. fpsu;r;rp gFjpfspy; ; itj;J thq;fpapUe;j mq;nfy;yhk; ; cupikia Revolt of Palyakkarars • The Nawab of Arcot, who had borrowed heavily by pledging the villages in several parts of Tamilnadu, entrusted the task of collecting land revenue arrears to the Company administration. gy;NtW gFjpfspy mlF itj;J • Yusuf Khan, remembered as Khan Sahib, had been employed as commander of the Company’s Indian troops. • fhd fhd; ; rhfpg A+Rg;fhd A+Rg;fhd; ; fpof;fpe;jpa gilapy gilapy; , ; ,e;jpa jiytuhf jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ;. rhfpg; ; vd;W fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp e;jpa tPuu;fSf;Fj tPuu;fSf;Fj; ; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l miof;fg;gl;l fk;ngdp

12. • He was entrusted not only with the command of the forces, but also with the collection of revenue. • mtUf;Fg mtUf;Fg; ; gilj tR+ypf;Fk tR+ypf;Fk; ; nghWg;Gk gilj; ; jiyikAld jiyikAld; ; tup nghWg;Gk; ; toq;fg;gl;lJ toq;fg;gl;lJ. . tup • Mw;fhL Mw;fhL ethgpd 1755,y; 1755,y; mtUf;F INuhg INuhg; ; gpaUk gpaUk; 200 mlq;fpa mlq;fpa gil gFjpfSf;Fs gFjpfSf;Fs; ; Eioa cj;jutplg;gl;lJ cj;jutplg;gl;lJ. . ethgpd; ; Ntz;LNfhspd;gb Ntz;LNfhspd;gb> > mtUf;F cjtp cjtp nra;a ; 200 rpg;gha;fSk rpg;gha;fSk; ; gil kJiu kJiu> > jpUney;Ntyp Eioa • At the request of the Nawab, a force of 500 Europeans and 200 sepoys was (1755), ordered to proceed into the “countries of Madurai and Tirunelveli” to assist him. nra;a 500 500 jpUney;Ntyp • The encroachment of East Indian Company administration into palayakkarar’s authority aroused stiff resistance. • ghisaf;fhuu;fspd ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; ; mjpfhuj;jpy fk;ngdp fk;ngdp epu;thfj;jpd epu;thfj;jpd; ; FWf;fPL fLikahd fLikahd vjpu;g;ig vjpu;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ mjpfhuj;jpy; ; FWf;fPL Vw;gLj;jpaJ. .

13. Mafuzkhan (Arcot Nawab’s elder brother) was appointed by the Nawab as his representative in those territories. khG khG]; mz;zd mz;zd;) ;) , ,e;jg gpujpepjpahf gpujpepjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu ];fhd fhd; ( ; (Mw;fhL Mw;fhL ethgpd e;jg; ; gFjpfspy gFjpfspy; ; ethgpd epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ;. ethgpd; % ; %j;j ethgpd; ; j;j khG khG]; jpUney;Ntypf;Fg jpUney;Ntypf;Fg; ; gilnaLj;Jr nrd;whu nrd;whu;. ;. mtu;fs mtu;fs; ; kJiuia vspjhff vspjhff; ; ifg;gw;wpdu ifg;gw;wpdu;. ;. ];fhd fhd; ; fu;dy fu;dy; ; n`uhDld n`uhDld; ; gilnaLj;Jr; ; kJiuia Mafuskhan along with Colonel Heron proceeded towards Tirunelveli. They easily took Madurai. ghQ;rhyf;Fwpr;rp ghQ;rhyf;Fwpr;rp ghisaj;ij nra;j nra;j fl;l fl;l nghk;kdpd nghk;kdpd; ; mjpfhuj;ijf mjpfhuj;ijf; ; Fiwg;gjw;fhfr rpwg;Gf;FO rpwg;Gf;FO mDg;gp mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;L gpwF gpwF mJ mJ jpUk;g jpUk;g tutiof;fg;gl;lJ ghisaj;ij Ml;rp Ml;rp An expedition was sent to reduce Kattabomman, the palayakkarar of Panchalamkurichi but had to be recalled. Fiwg;gjw;fhfr; ; itf;fg;gl;L> > tutiof;fg;gl;lJ. .

14. While returning Colonel Heron was urged to storm the fort of Nel- Kattum-Seval. n` n` uhd new;fl;Lk new;fl;Lk; ; nrty jhf;Fjy jhf;Fjy; ; njhLf;f uhd; ; Cu; Cu; jpUk;Gk jpUk;Gk; ; topapy nrty; ; Nfhl;il Nfhl;il kPJ njhLf;f cj;juT cj;juT te;jJ topapy; ; kPJ jpBu te;jJ. . jpBu; ;  Its palayakkarar Puli Thevar wielded enormous influence over the western palayakkarars.  me;jg me;jg; ; ghisaj;ij ghisaj;ij Ml;rp Gypj;Njtu Gypj;Njtu; ; Nkw;Fg Nkw;Fg; ; ghisaf;fhuu;fspilNa ghisaf;fhuu;fspilNa ngUk nry;thf;F nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jhu ngw;wpUe;jhu;. ;. Ml;rp nra;j nra;j ngUk; ; For want of cannon and of supplies and pay to soldiers, the attack of Colonel Heron had to be abandoned and the force retired to Madurai. gPuq;fp gPuq;fp cs;spl;ltw;wpd cs;spl;ltw;wpd; ; gw;whf;Fiw giltPuu;fSf;F giltPuu;fSf;F Cjpak Ntz;ba Ntz;ba Njit Njit Mfpa fhuzq;fshy fhuzq;fshy; ; n`uhdpd n`uhdpd; ; jhf;Fjy iftplg;gl;lJ iftplg;gl;lJ. . mtuJ mtuJ gil kJiuf;Fj kJiuf;Fj; ; jpUk;gpaJ jpUk;gpaJ. . gw;whf;Fiw> > nfhLf;f Cjpak; ; nfhLf;f Mfpa jhf;Fjy; ; gil

15. Three Pathan officers, Nawab Chanda Sahib’s agents, named Mianah, Mudimiah and Nabikhan Kattak, commanded the Madurai and Tirunelveli regions. ethg ethg; ; re;jh gpujpepjpfshd gpujpepjpfshd kpahdh egpfhd egpfhd; ; fl;lf fl;lf; ; Mfpa , ,dj;ijr dj;ijr; ; Nru;e;j kJiuiaAk kJiuiaAk; ; jpUney;NtypiaAk jpUney;NtypiaAk; ; fz;fhzpj;J fz;fhzpj;J te;jdu te;jdu;. ;. re;jh rhfpg;gpd rhfpg;gpd; ; kpahdh> > Kbka;ah Kbka;ah> > Mfpa gjhd gjhd; ; Nru;e;j mjpfhupfs mjpfhupfs; ; They supported Tamil palayakkarars against Arcot Nawab Mohamed Ali. mtu;fs mtu;fs; ; Mw;fhL mypf;F mypf;F vjpuhfj iaf;fh iaf;fh uu;fis Mw;fhL ethg vjpuhfj; ; jkpo;g uu;fis Mjupj;jdu Mjupj;jdu;. ;. ethg; ; KfkJ KfkJ jkpo;g; ; ghs ghs  Puli Thevar had established close relationships with them. mtu;fSld mtu;fSld; ; Gypj;NjtUf;F neUf;fkhd neUf;fkhd cwT Gypj;NjtUf;F cwT , ,Ue;jJ Ue;jJ. .

16. o Cw;Wkiy Cw;Wkiy> > Ruz;il jiytd;Nfhl;il jiytd;Nfhl;il> > eLtf;Fwpr;rp rpq;fk;gl;b rpq;fk;gl;b> > Cu;f;fhL Cu;f;fhL> > Nrj;J nfhy;yk;nfhz;lhd nfhy;yk;nfhz;lhd;> ;> tlfiu Mfpa Mfpa ghisaq;fspd ghisaq;fspd; ; Ml;rpahsu;fSk Ml;rpahsu;fSk; ; Gypj;Njtupd $ $l;likg;gpy l;likg;gpy; ; Nru;e;jdu Nru;e;jdu;. ;. Ruz;il> > o The palayakkarars of Uthumalai, Surandai, Thalaivankottai, Naduvakurichi, Singampatti, Urkad, Seithur, Kollamkondan and Wadakarai joined Puli Thevar’s confederacy. eLtf;Fwpr;rp> > Nrj;J}u;> tlfiu }u;> Gypj;Njtupd; ; o With the promise of restoring Kalakkadu, Puli Thevar had already won over the ruler of Tranvancore to his confederacy. o jpUtpjhq jpUtpjhq;$ ;$Uf;Ff jpUk;gj jpUk;gj; ; jug;gLk % %ykhfg ykhfg; ; Gypj;Njtu jpUtpjhq jpUtpjhq;$ ;$upd jd jd; $ ; $l;likg;gpy l;likg;gpy; ; Nru;j;jpUe;jhu Uf;Ff; ; fsf;fhL fsf;fhL jug;gLk; ; vd;w vd;w thf;FWjp Gypj;Njtu; ; upd; ; Ml;rpahsiuAk Ml;rpahsiuAk; ; Nru;j;jpUe;jhu;. ;. thf;FWjp

17.  Nawab, on his side, sent an additional contingent of sepoys to Mahfuzkhan and the reinforced army proceeded to Tirunelveli.  , ,d;ndhU d;ndhU gf;fk khG khG]; ];fhDf;Ff fhDf;Ff; $ mDg;gpdhu mDg;gpdhu;. ;. ethgpd gil gil jpUney;Ntypia jpUney;Ntypia Nehf;fpg gazpj;jJ gazpj;jJ. . gf;fk; ; Mw;fhL Mw;fhL ethg ; $Ljy Ljy; ; gilg;gpupit ethgpd; ; tYg;gLj;jg;gl;l tYg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nehf;fpg; ; ethg; ; gilg;gpupit  Besides the 1000 sepoys of the Company, Mahfuzkhan received 600 more sent by the Nawab.  fk;ngdpiar fk;ngdpiar; ; Nru;e;j tPuu;fSld tPuu;fSld;> ;> ethg mDg;gp mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;l itf;fg;gl;l 600 , ,g;NghJ g;NghJ khG khG]; Nru;e;j 1000 ethg; % ; %yk 1000 yk; $ ; $Ljyhf Ljyhf 600 tPuu;fSk tPuu;fSk; ; fhdplk; , ; ,Ue;jhu;fs ];fhdplk Ue;jhu;fs;. ;.  He also had the support of cavalry and foot soldiers from the Carnatic.  $ $lNt Fjpiug;gilapdUk Fjpiug;gilapdUk;> ;> fhyhl;gil tPuu;fSk tPuu;fSk; ; te;jjhy te;jjhy; ; khG gilgyk gilgyk; ; mjpfupj;jJ mjpfupj;jJ. . lNt> > fu;ehlfj;jpypUe;J fu;ehlfj;jpypUe;J fhyhl;gil khG]; ];fhdpd fhdpd; ;

18.  mtu mtu; ; jd mUNf mUNf epWj;jpitg;gjw;F epWj;jpitg;gjw;F Kd;Ng jpUtpjhq jpUtpjhq;$ ;$upypUe;J upypUe;J te;j tPuu;fsGypj;Njtu tPuu;fsGypj;Njtu;; gilAld Nru;e;Jnfhz;lhu;fs Nru;e;Jnfhz;lhu;fs;. ;. jd; ; gilapdiuf gilapdiuf; ; fsf;fhl;Lf;F fsf;fhl;Lf;F Kd;Ng te;j 2000 2000 gilAld; ;  Before Mafuskhan could station his troops near Kalakadu, 2000 soldiers from Travancore joined the forces of Puli Thevar.  In the battle of Kalakadu, Mahfuzkhan's troops were trounced.  fsf;fhl;by fsf;fhl;by; ; eilngw;w khG khG]; ];fhdpd fhdpd; ; gil eilngw;w Nghupy gil Njhw;wJ Njhw;wJ. . Nghupy; ;

20. The organized resistance of the palayakkarars under Puli Thevar gave an opportunity to the British to interfere directly in the affairs of Tirunelveli. Gypj;NjtUk Gypj;NjtUk; ; gpw $ $l;lhf l;lhf> > rpwg;ghd fhl;ba fhl;ba vjpu;g;G jpUney;Ntyp jpUney;Ntyp tptfhuq;fspy Neubahfj Neubahfj; ; jiyapl jiyapl itj;jJ gpw ghisaf;fhuu;fSk ghisaf;fhuu;fSk; ; rpwg;ghd jpl;lkplYld jpl;lkplYld; ; vjpu;g;G Mq;fpNyaiuj Mq;fpNyaiuj; ; tptfhuq;fspy; ; itj;jJ. . From 1756 to 1763, aided frequently by Travancore, the palyakkarars of Tirunelveli led by Puli Thevar were in a constant state of rebellion against the authority of the Nawab. 1756,ypUe;J 1763 1756,ypUe;J 1763 tiuf;Fk jpUtpjhq jpUtpjhq;$ ;$upypUe;J upypUe;J fpilj;j MjuTld MjuTld;> ;> Gypj;Njtu Gypj;Njtu; ; jiyikapyhd jiyikapyhd ghisaf;fhuu;fs Mw;fhL Mw;fhL ethGf;F ethGf;F vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpapy fpsu;r;rpapy; ; ePbj;J ePbj;J epd;whu;fs tiuf;Fk;> ;> fpilj;j rPuhd rPuhd ghisaf;fhuu;fs; ; vjpuhd epd;whu;fs;. ;.

21. Yusuf Khan who had been sent by the Company would not venture to attack Puli Thevar unless the big guns and ammunition from Tiruchirappalli arrived. fk;ngdpahy fk;ngdpahy; ; mDg;gg;gl;l fhd fhd; ; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapypUe;J jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapypUe;J gPuq;fpfSk gPuq;fpfSk; ; ntbkUe;JfSk ntbkUe;JfSk; ; te;JNrUk te;JNrUk; ; tiu tiu Gypj;Njtiuj jhf;fj jhf;fj; ; Jzpatpy;iy Jzpatpy;iy. . mDg;gg;gl;l A+Rg A+Rg; ; Gypj;Njtiuj; ; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;> ;> i`ju kuhj;jpau kuhj;jpau; ; MfpNahUld Mq;fpNyau Mq;fpNyau; ; Nghu;fspy < <Lgl;Lte;jjhy Lgl;Lte;jjhy;> ;> 1760 nrg;lk;gupy;jhd nrg;lk;gupy;jhd; ; gPuq;fpfs te;JNru;e;jd te;JNru;e;jd. . A+Rg new;fl;Lk new;fl;Lk; ; nrty nrty; ; Nfhl;ilia , ,bf;Fk bf;Fk; ; Nehf;fj;Jld Nehf;fj;Jld; ; jhf;Fjiy elj;jpdhu elj;jpdhu;. ;. i`ju; ; myp MfpNahUld; ; Nghu;fspy; ; 1760 gPuq;fpfs; ; A+Rg; ; fhd Nfhl;ilia myp> >  As the English were involved in a war with the French, as well as with Haider Ali and Marathas, big guns arrived only in September 1760. fhd; ; jhf;Fjiy

22. • Yusuf Khan began to batter the Nerkattumseval fort and this attack continued for about two months. On 16 May 1761 Puli Thevar’s three major forts namely Nerkattumseval, Vasudevanallur and Panayur came under the control of Yusuf Khan. After taking Pondicherry the English commanded respect, as they had eliminated the French from the picture. • ,J ,J Vwj;jho Vwj;jho ,U ePbj;jJ ePbj;jJ. . 1761 new;fl;Lk new;fl;Lk; ; nrty ey;Y ey;Y}u;> }u;> gidA+u gidA+u; ; Mfpa , ,lq;fspy lq;fspy; , ; ,Ue;j Nfhl;ilfs Nfhl;ilfs; ; A+Rg trkhapd trkhapd. . GJr;Nrupia Mq;fpNyau Mq;fpNyau; ; ifg;gw;wpajhy ifg;gw;wpajhy; ; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; ; jiyaPL , ,y;yhky y;yhky; ; MdJ MdJ. . ,U khjq;fs khjq;fs; ; 1761 Nk Nk 16,y 16,y; ; nrty;> ;> thRNjt thRNjt Mfpa Ue;j Kf;fpakhd Kf;fpakhd A+Rg; ; fhd fhd; ; GJr;Nrupia jiyaPL

23.  Consequently the unity of palyakkarars began to break up as French support was not forthcoming.  gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J cjtpfs tuKbahj tuKbahj fhuzj;jhy fhuzj;jhy;> ;> ghisaf;fhuu;fspd ghisaf;fhuu;fspd; ; xw;Wik Fiyaj Fiyaj; ; njhlq;fpaJ njhlq;fpaJ. . cjtpfs; ; xw;Wik  Travancore, Seithur, Uthumalai and Surandai switched their loyalty.  jpUtpjhq jpUtpjhq;$u;> Ruz;il Ruz;il Mfpa Nru;e;jtu;fs Nru;e;jtu;fs; ; Mq;fpNya khwpdu khwpdu;. ;. ;$u;> Nrw;W Nrw;W}u;> Mfpa ghisaq;fisr ghisaq;fisr; ; Mq;fpNya mzpf;F }u;> Cw;Wkiy Cw;Wkiy> > mzpf;F  Yusuf Khan, who was negotiating with the palayakkarars without informing the Company administration, was charged with treachery and hanged in 1764.  fk;ngdp fk;ngdp epu;thfj;Jf;Fj epu;thfj;Jf;Fj; ; njuptpf;fhky njuptpf;fhky; ; ghisaf;fhuu;fsplk ghisaf;fhuu;fsplk; ; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;j elj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;j A+Rg A+Rg; ; fhd fhd; ; JNuhff JNuhff; ; Fw;wr;rhl;L Rkj;jg;gl;L Rkj;jg;gl;L> > 1764,y; 1764,y; J} J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;. ;. Fw;wr;rhl;L

24. Puli Thevar, who had taken asylum elsewhere after the forts were taken over by Yusuf Khan, returned and began to organize against the British. Nfhl;ilfis Nfhl;ilfis A+R+g gpwF gpwF> > vq;Nfh vq;Nfh jQ;rk Gypj;Njtu Gypj;Njtu;; jdJ jpUk;gp jpUk;gp> > kPz;Lk kPz;Lk; ; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfg vjpuhfg; ; ghisaf;fhuu;fisj ghisaf;fhuu;fisj; ; jpul;lj njhlq;fpdhu njhlq;fpdhu;. ;. A+R+g; ; fhd jQ;rk; ; GFe;j jdJ ghisaj;Jf;Fj ghisaj;Jf;Fj; ; Mq;fpNyaUf;F fhd; ; ifg;gw;wpa ifg;gw;wpa GFe;j jpul;lj; ; Captain Campbell who was sent this time by the British, laid siege and captured Nerkattumseval in 1767. , ,k;Kiw k;Kiw Mq;fpNyau Nfg;ld Nfg;ld; ; Nfk;ngy Nfk;ngy; ; new;fl;Lk Nfhl;ilia Nfhl;ilia Kw;Wifapl;L ifg;gw;wpdhu ifg;gw;wpdhu;. ;. Mq;fpNyau; ; mDg;gpa new;fl;Lk; ; nrty Kw;Wifapl;L 1767,y; mDg;gpa nrty; ; 1767,y; Nothing is definitely known about the last days of Puli Thevar. Gypj;Njtdpd Gypj;Njtdpd;; , ,Wjpehl;fs nra;jpfs nra;jpfs; ; fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy Wjpehl;fs; ; Fwpj;j Fwpj;j

25. NtY NtY ehr;rpahu ehr;rpahu;; Velu Nachiyar

26. • The Sethupathys ruled the area that covered Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai, Virudhunagar, and Pudukkottai districts of the present day. • , ,uhkehjGuk uhkehjGuk;> ;> rptfq;if tpUJefu tpUJefu;> ;> GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lq;fshf khtl;lq;fshf , ,d;W gFjpiar gFjpiar; ; NrJgjp Ml;rp Ml;rp nrYj;jpdu nrYj;jpdu;. ;. rptfq;if> > GJf;Nfhl;il Mfpa d;W mwpag;gLk NrJgjp kd;du;fs kd;du;fs; ; Mfpa mwpag;gLk; ; • Velu Nachiyar was the daughter of Chellamuthu Sethupathy, the raja of Ramanathapuram. • NtY NtY ehr;rpahu ehr;rpahu; , muruhd muruhd nry;yKj;J nry;yKj;J NrJgjpapd kfs kfs; ; Mthu Mthu;. ;. ; ,uhkehjGuk uhkehjGuk; ; NrJgjpapd; ; • She married Muthu Vadugar Periyaudayar, the Raja of Sivagangai, and had a daughter named Vellachi Nachiar. • mtu mtu; ; rptfq;if rptfq;if muruhd Kj;JtLfu Kj;JtLfu; ; ngupacilahiu ngupacilahiu kze;jhu kze;jhu;. ;. mtu;fSf;F mtu;fSf;F nts;sr;rp ehr;rpahu ehr;rpahu; ; vd;w vd;w kfs muruhd nts;sr;rp ; ,Ue;jhu Ue;jhu;. ;. kfs; ,

27. • When her husband was killed by the Nawab’s forces, Velu Nachiyar escaped with her daughter and lived under the protection of Haider Ali at Virupachi near Dindigul for eight years. • NtY NtY ehr;rpahupd ehr;rpahupd; ; fztu gilfshy gilfshy; ; nfhy;yg;gl;lJk nfhy;yg;gl;lJk;> ;> mtu jd jd; ; kfSld kfSld; ; jg;gpj;J jg;gpj;J> > jpz;Lf;fy mUNf mUNf tpUg;ghr;rpapy tpUg;ghr;rpapy; ; i`ju mypapd mypapd; ; ghJfhg;gpy ghJfhg;gpy; ; vl;L fhyk fhyk; , ; ,Ue;jhu Ue;jhu;. ;. fztu; ; ethgpd ethgpd; ; mtu; ; jpz;Lf;fy; ; i`ju; ; vl;L Mz;L Mz;L • • , ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ; NtY giliaf giliaf; ; fl;likj;jhu Mq;fpNyaiuj Mq;fpNyaiuj; ; jhf;Fk Nfhghy Nfhghy ehaf;fu ehaf;fu;> ;> i`ju MfpNahUld MfpNahUld; $ 1780,y; 1780,y; , ,t;tpUtupd t;tpUtupd; ; JizNahL Mq;fpNyaUld Mq;fpNyaUld; ; Nghupl;L NtY ehr;rpahu ehr;rpahu; ; xU fl;likj;jhu;. ;. jhf;Fk; ; Nehf;fj;Jld i`ju; ; myp ; $l;lzp l;lzp mikj;jhu mikj;jhu;. ;. JizNahL Nghupl;L ntd;whu xU During this period she organized an army and succeeded in securing an alliance with Gopala Nayaker and Haider Ali. In 1780 Rani Velu Nachiyar fought the British with military assistance from Gopala Nayaker and Haider Ali and won the battle. Nehf;fj;Jld; ; myp ntd;whu;. ;.

29. The Nawab of Arcot placed many obstacles to the advancement of the Rani’s troops. Mw;fhL Mw;fhL ethg gil gil Kd;Ndwp Kd;Ndwp tUtijj gy gy jilfis jilfis Vw;gLj;jpdhu ethg; ; NtY NtY ehr;rpahUila ehr;rpahUila tUtijj; ; jLf;fg Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. ;. jLf;fg; ;  However she overcame all the hurdles and entered Sivagangai.  vdpDk vdpDk; ; ehr;rpahu jilfisAk jilfisAk; ; ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhz;L vjpu;nfhz;L rptfq;iff;Fs Eioe;jhu Eioe;jhu;. ;. ehr;rpahu; ; midj;Jj midj;Jj; ; ntw;wpfukhf rptfq;iff;Fs; ; The Nawab of Arcot was defeated and taken captive. Mw;fhL Mw;fhL ethg rpiwitf;fg;gl;lhu rpiwitf;fg;gl;lhu;. ;. ethg; ; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L> > Velu Nachiyar recaptured Sivagangai and was again crowned queen with the help of Marudu brothers. rptfq;ifia rptfq;ifia kPz;Lk ehr;rpahu ehr;rpahu;; kUJ JizAld JizAld; , kPz;Lk; ; ifg;gw;wpa ifg;gw;wpa kUJ rNfhjuu;fspd rNfhjuu;fspd; ; ; ,uhzpahf uhzpahf KbR+bdhu KbR+bdhu;. ;.

30. • After ascending the throne Velu Nachiar appointed Chinna Marudu as her adviser and Periya Marudu as commander. • rpd;d rpd;d kUJ MNyhrfuhfTk MNyhrfuhfTk; ; ngupa gilj gilj; ; jsgjpahfTk jsgjpahfTk; ; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ;. kUJ ehr;rpahupd ehr;rpahupd; ; ngupa kUJ kUJ • In 1783 the English forces invaded Sivaganagai again. • 1783,y; 1783,y; Mq;fpNyau Mq;fpNyau; ; rptfq;iff;F kPz;Lk kPz;Lk gilna gilna Lj;J rptfq;iff;F Lj;J te;jdu te;jdu;. ;. • This time the Marudu Pandiyan saved the place by some diplomatic moves. • , ,k;Kiw k;Kiw kUJ ,uh[ ,uh[je;jpu je;jpu eltbf;iffshy eltbf;iffshy; ; rptfq;ifapd rptfq;ifapd; ; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;jdu cWjpnra;jdu;. ;. kUJ ghz;bau ghz;bau; ; rpy rpy ghJfhg;ig

31. • In 1790, Vellachi Nachiyar, daughter of Velu Nachiyar who was married to Vengan Periya Udaya Thevar who became the king of Sivagangai state due to compromise formula of the Englishmen, died under mysterious circumstances. • gpw;fhyj;jpy gpw;fhyj;jpy; ; Mq;fpNyaupd cld;ghl;bd;gb cld;ghl;bd;gb Ntq;fz cila cila Njtu Njtu; ; rptfq;if Mdhu Mdhu;. ;. 1790,y; , 1790,y; ,tUf;F Kbj;Jitf;fg;gl;l Kbj;Jitf;fg;gl;l nts;sr;rp ehr;rpahu ehr;rpahu; ; re;Njfj;Jf;fplkhd re;Njfj;Jf;fplkhd Kiwapy Kiwapy; , ; ,we;jhu we;jhu;. ;. Mq;fpNyaupd; ; rkur Ntq;fz; ; ngupa rptfq;if muru tUf;F kzk nts;sr;rp rkur ngupa muru; ; kzk; ; • NtY NtY ehr;rpahu ehr;rpahu; ; NehAw;W , ,we;jhu we;jhu;. ;. NehAw;W 1796,y; 1796,y; • Velu Nachiyar became sick and died in three years later in1796.

32. tPughz;ba tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd;; Veera Pandiya Kattabomman

33. • While Velu Nachiyar was fighting the British and engaging their complete attention on Ramanathapruam and Sivagangai, Veera Pandiya Kattabomman’s resistance against the British was on progress. • NtY NtY ehr;rpahu ehr;rpahu; , rptfq;ifapYk rptfq;ifapYk; ; Mq;fpNyaUf;F rthyhf rthyhf , ,Ue;jNghJ Ue;jNghJ> > tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdpd fl;lnghk;kdpd; ; vjpu;g;G tsu;e;Jnfhz;bUe;jJ tsu;e;Jnfhz;bUe;jJ. . ; ,uhkehjGuj;jpYk uhkehjGuj;jpYk; ; Mq;fpNyaUf;F tPughz;ba vjpu;g;G • fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; Xl;lg;gplhuj;Jf;F Xl;lg;gplhuj;Jf;F mUfpy mUfpy; ; cs;s cs;s ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpia ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpia Ml;rp Ml;rp nra;j nra;j ehaf;fu ehaf;fu; ; ghisaf;fhuu Mthu Mthu;. , ;. ,tu tu; 1761,y; ; 1761,y; gpwe;jhu fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; ehaf;fu ehaf;fu; ; vd;gJ FLk;gg;gl;lkhFk FLk;gg;gl;lkhFk;. ;. • ghisaf;fhuu; ; gpwe;jhu;. ;. vd;gJ mtuJ Kattabomma Nayak was the playakkarar of Panchalamkurichi. Kattabomman Nayak was a family title. mtuJ • The chieftain of the Colonel Heron’s time was Jagaveera Kattabomman Nayak, the grandfather of Veera Pandiya Kattabomman. • fl;lnghk;kdpd fl;lnghk;kdpd; ; jhj;jh fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; fu;dy FWepykd;duhf FWepykd;duhf , ,Ue;jhu jhj;jh n[ fu;dy; ; n`uhfhyj;jpy n`uhfhyj;jpy; ; Ue;jhu;. ;. n[ftPu ftPu

34. • This Veera Pandiya Kattabomman, born in 1761, became the palayakkarar on the death of his father, Jagaveera Pandiya Kattabomman. • tPughz;ba tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd tajpy tajpy; ; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp ghisaj;Jf;Fg ghisaj;Jf;Fg; ; nghWg;Ngw;whu fk;ngdpf;Fk fk;ngdpf;Fk; ; njd njd; ; rPik ghisaj;jhUf;Fk ghisaj;jhUf;Fk; ; njhlu;e;J , ,Ue;jjhy Ue;jjhy;> ;> fk;ngdpf;F fk;ngdpf;F mtu;fs nrYj;JtJ nrYj;JtJ xU xU gpur;idahfNt ePbj;jJ ePbj;jJ. . fl;lnghk;kd; ; jdJ jdJ 30Mk; 30Mk; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. rPik njhlu;e;J Nkhjy mtu;fs; ; fg;gk gpur;idahfNt ;. Nkhjy; ; fg;gk; ; • The collection of tribute continued to be a problem as there was a constant tussle between the Company and the southern palayakkarars. • 1798 1798 Nk ghisak ghisak; ; fk;ngdpf;Ff itj;jpUe;j itj;jpUe;j fg;gj;njhif gNfhlhf;fs gNfhlhf;fs; ( ; (tuhfd Nk 31 31 tiu tiu ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp fk;ngdpf;Ff; ; fl;lhJ fg;gj;njhif 3310 tuhfd;). ;). fl;lhJ 3310 • In September 1798 as the tribute from Panchalamkuriuchi fell into arrears, Collector Jackson wrote to Veera Pandiyan in his characteristic arrogance. • 1798 1798 nrg;lk;gu nrg;lk;gu; ; khjj;Jf;fh nr nr Yj;jg;glhjjhy Yj;jg;glhjjhy;> ;> fnyf;lu mtUf;Nf mtUf;Nf cupa cupa Mztj;Jld tPughz;ba tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kDf;Ff fl;lnghk;kDf;Ff; ; fbjk mDg;gpdhu mDg;gpdhu;. ;. khjj;Jf;fh d fnyf;lu; [ Mztj;Jld; ; d fg;gKk fg;gKk; ; ; [hf;rd hf;rd; ; fbjk; ;

35. • ehl;by ehl;by; ; fLikahd tR+ypg;gJ tR+ypg;gJ kpff;fbdkhd fnyf;lu fnyf;lu; [ ; [hf;rd fl;lnghk;kidj fl;lnghk;kidj; ; jz;bf;Fk gilia gilia mDg;g mDg;g tpUk;gpdhYk epu;thfk epu;thfk; ; mij mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. . fLikahd twl;rp kpff;fbdkhd Ntiy hf;rd; ; tPughz;ba tPughz;ba jz;bf;Fk; ; Nehf;Fld tpUk;gpdhYk;> ;> nrd;id twl;rp Vw;gl;ljhy Vw;gl;ljhy;> ;> tup Ntiy MdJ tup • The country experienced a severe drought, in consequence of which the palayakkarars found it difficult to collect taxes. MdJ. . Nehf;Fld; ; xU nrd;id xU • Collector Jackson wanted to send an expedition to punish Veera Pandiyan but the Madras administration did not agree. • jpUney;NtypapUe;j jpUney;NtypapUe;j gil jpg;G jpg;G Ry;jhDf;F Ry;jhDf;F vjpuhfg fk;ngdp fk;ngdp Vw;fdNt Vw;fdNt mDg;gpapUe;jJ gil tPuu;fis tPuu;fis ikR+upy vjpuhfg; ; NghupLtjw;fhff NghupLtjw;fhff; ; mDg;gpapUe;jJ. . ikR+upy; ; • The Company had already withdrawn its forces from Tirunelveli to be employed in the war against Tipu Sultan of Mysore, and did not desire to risk a conflict in the far south at this juncture. It directed the collector to summon the Palayakkarar at Ramanathapuram and hold a discussion. • , ,e;j njw;Fg;gFjpapy njw;Fg;gFjpapy; ; Nghu vdf vdf; ; fk;ngdp fk;ngdp fUjpaJ njhlu;Gila njhlu;Gila ghisaf;fhuiu , ,uhkehjGuj;Jf;F uhkehjGuj;Jf;F tutioj;J fye;jhNyhrid fye;jhNyhrid nra;Ak;gb cj;jutpl;lJ cj;jutpl;lJ. . e;j epiyapy epiyapy; ; kpfTk kpfTk; ; njhiytpypUe;j njhiytpypUe;j Nghu; ; nra;tJ nra;tJ Mgj;J fUjpaJ. . mJ mJ gpur;idapy ghisaf;fhuiu tutioj;J> > nra;Ak;gb fnyf;lUf;F Mgj;J gpur;idapy; ; fnyf;lUf;F

36. Accordingly, on the 18 August 1798 Jackson despatched an order directing Veera Pandiyan to meet him at Ramanathapuram within two weeks. mjd;gb mjd;gb> > 1798 Mf];l; 18 1798 Mf];l; 18 md;W [ [hf;rd hf;rd; ,U ; ,U thuq;fSf;Fs thuq;fSf;Fs; ; jd;id , ,uhkehjGuj;Jf;F uhkehjGuj;Jf;F te;J tPughz;ba tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kDf;F fl;lnghk;kDf;F cj;juT gpwg;gpj;Jtpl;L gpwg;gpj;Jtpl;L> > jpU jpU ney;Ntyp gazj;ijj gazj;ijj; ; Jtf;fpdhu Jtf;fpdhu;. ;. md;W jd;id re;jpf;Fk;gb cj;juT ney;Ntyp Rw;Wg te;J re;jpf;Fk;gb Rw;Wg; ; After sending the summons, the collector started on a tour of Tirunelveli. When Jackson halted at Chokkampatti, Sivagiri, Sattur and Srivilliputhur to receive tribute from the Palayakkarars, Veera Pandiyan sought an interview but was told that he could meet the collector only at Ramanathapuram. ghisaf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J ghisaf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J fg;gk tR+ypg;gjw;fhfr tR+ypg;gjw;fhfr; ; nrhf;fk;gl;b rptfpup rptfpup> > rhj;J rhj;J}u;> ]; }u;> ];uPtpy;ypg;Gj;J Mfpa Mfpa , ,lq;fspy lq;fspy; ; mtu jq;fpapUe;jNghJ jq;fpapUe;jNghJ tPughz;baf fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; mtiur mtiur; ; re;jpf;f Kad;whu Kad;whu;. ;. Mdhy Mdhy; ; , ,uhkehjGuj;jpy;jhd uhkehjGuj;jpy;jhd; ; fnyf;liur re;jpf;f re;jpf;f KbAk KbAk; ; vd mwpTWj;jg;gl;lJ mwpTWj;jg;gl;lJ. . fg;gk; ; nrhf;fk;gl;b> > uPtpy;ypg;Gj;J}u; mtu; ; tPughz;baf; ; re;jpf;f }u; fnyf;liur; ; vd mtUf;F mtUf;F

38. • Despite this humiliation, Kattabomman followed the Englishman for twenty three days over 400 miles through the latter’s route and reached Ramanathapuram on 19 September. • , ,e;j 23 23 ehl;fspy ehl;fspy; 400 fnyf;liur fnyf;liur; ; risf;fhky nrg;lk;gu nrg;lk;gu; 19Mk; ; 19Mk; ehs mile;jhu mile;jhu;. ;. fnyf;liur tha;g;G tha;g;G md;Nw md;Nw jug;gl;lJ e;j mtkjpg;igAk mtkjpg;igAk; ; kPwp ; 400 iky risf;fhky; ; gpd;njhlu;e;J ehs; , fnyf;liur; ; re;jpg;gjw;fhd jug;gl;lJ. . kPwp> > fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; iky; J} ; J}uk uk;; gazpj;j gpd;njhlu;e;J> > ; ,uhkehjGuj;ij uhkehjGuj;ij re;jpg;gjw;fhd gazpj;j • • fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; rupahf ele;Jnfhz;ljhfTk ele;Jnfhz;ljhfTk; , jd;id jd;id moptpypUe;J moptpypUe;J fhj;Jf;nfhz;ljhfTk fhj;Jf;nfhz;ljhfTk; [ jpUg;jpAld jpUg;jpAld; $ rupahf An interview was granted the same day and the collector expressed his satisfaction that the Palayakkarar had behaved properly and thereby “saved himself from ruin”. ; ,jd jd; % ; %yk yk; ; mtu mtu; ; ; [hf;rd hf;rd; ; ; $wpdhu wpdhu;. ;. • Upon a verification of accounts Jackson was convinced that Kattabomman had cleared most of the arrears, leaving only 1080 pagodas as balance to be settled. • fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; fk;ngdpf;Fr Ntz;ba Ntz;ba fg;gj;njhifapy fg;gj;njhifapy; ; ngUk;gFjpiar ngUk;gFjpiar; ; nrYj;jptpl;lijAk 1080 1080 tuhfd tuhfd; ; kl;LNk kl;LNk ghf;fp , ,Ug;gijAk Ug;gijAk; ; fzf;Ffisr fzf;Ffisr; ; rupghu;j;J mtu mtu; ; mwpe;Jf mwpe;Jf; ; nfhz;lhu nfhz;lhu;. ;. fk;ngdpf;Fr; ; nrYj;j nrYj;j nrYj;jptpl;lijAk; ; ghf;fp rupghu;j;J

39.  Denied of courtesy, the palayakkarar and his minister Sivasubramania Pillai had to stand before the arrogant collector.  , ,e;jr nfhz;l nfhz;l [ [hf;rd fl;lnghk;kDk fl;lnghk;kDk; ; mtUila rptRg;gpukzpa rptRg;gpukzpa gps;isAk ciuahl ciuahl Ntz;bapUe;jJ Ntz;bapUe;jJ. . e;jr; ; re;jpg;gpd;NghJ re;jpg;gpd;NghJ Mzt hf;rd; ; Kd;dhy Mzt f;Fzk Kd;dhy; ; mtUila mikr;ru gps;isAk; ; epd;wgb f;Fzk; ; mikr;ru; ; epd;wgb  Finally he directed them to stay inside the Ramanathapuram fort.  re;jpg;gpd re;jpg;gpd; , , ,UtiuAk UtiuAk; ; , ,uhkehjGuk Nfhl;ilapy Nfhl;ilapy; ; jq;Fk;gb ; ,Wjpapy Wjpapy; [ uhkehjGuk; ; jq;Fk;gb $ $wpdhu ; [hf;rd hf;rd; ; wpdhu;. ;.  Now a few sepoys appeared, apparently to arrest Kattabomman. But they escaped.  mq;F mq;F jpBnud fl;lnghk;kidf fl;lnghk;kidf; ; ifJ te;jpUe;jhu;fs te;jpUe;jhu;fs; ; vd;gJ ntspg;gilahfNt ntspg;gilahfNt njupe;jJ jpBnud te;j te;j tPuu;fs tPuu;fs; ; ifJ nra;aNt nra;aNt vd;gJ njupe;jJ. .

40. • At the gate of the fort a clash occurred, in which some including Lieutenant Clarke were killed. • fl;lnghk;kDk fl;lnghk;kDk; ; mikr;rUk Kad;wdu Kad;wdu;. ;. Nfhl;ilth Nfhl;ilth rypy ele;j ele;j Nkhjypy Nkhjypy; ; nyg f;shu;f f;shu;f; ; cs;spl;l cs;spl;l rpyu nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;fs nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;fs;. ;. mikr;rUk; ; jg;g rypy; ; nyg; ; bndz;l bndz;l; ; rpyu; ; jg;g • Siva subramania Pilai was taken prisoner but Kattabomman made his escape. • rptRg;gpukzpa rptRg;gpukzpa gps;is nra;ag;gl;llhu nra;ag;gl;llhu;. ;. fl;lnghk;kd kl;LNk kl;LNk jg;g jg;g Kbe;jJ gps;is ifJ fl;lnghk;kd; ; Kbe;jJ. . ifJ

41.  After his return to Panchalamkurichi, Kattabomman wrote to the Madras Council blaming the attitude of Jackson for the scuffle.  ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;Fj ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;Fj; ; jpUk;gpa fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd;; jd;dplk jd;dplk; [ ele;Jnfhz;l ele;Jnfhz;l KiwNa , ,uhkehjGuj;jpy uhkehjGuj;jpy; ; ele;j fhuzk fhuzk; ; vd;W vd;W nrd;id fbjk fbjk; ; mDg;gpdhu mDg;gpdhu;. ;. jpUk;gpa ; [hf;rd hf;rd; ; KiwNa ele;j NkhjYf;Ff NkhjYf;Ff; ; nrd;id fTd;rpYf;Ff fTd;rpYf;Ff; ;  In the meantime Governor Edward Clive had issued a proclamation, inviting the palayakkarar to submit to the authority of the Company.  , ,jw;fpilNa jw;fpilNa MSeu fk;ngdp fk;ngdp epu;thfj;jplk epu;thfj;jplk; ; fl;lnghk;kd ruzilAk;gb ruzilAk;gb mwptpg;G mwptpg;G ntspapl;lhu MSeu; ; vl;tu;L vl;tu;L fpist fl;lnghk;kd; ; ntspapl;lhu;. ;. fpist; ;  In the event of surrender he assured a fair investigation into the Ramanathapuram incident.  , ,t;thW t;thW fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; ruzile;jhy Neu;ikahd Neu;ikahd tprhuiz tprhuiz eilngWk vd;Wk vd;Wk; , ; ,jw;F jw;F cld;glhtpl;lhy cld;glhtpl;lhy; ; fLikahd fLikahd tpisTfisr tpisTfisr; ; re;jpf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk Ntz;bapUf;Fk; ; vd;Wk vd;Wk; ; mtu njuptpj;jhu njuptpj;jhu;. ;. ruzile;jhy; ; eilngWk; ; re;jpf;f mtu; ;

42.  If he refused, he threatened Kattabomman with dire consequences.  mjd;gb mjd;gb> > fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; fk;ngdp tprhuizf;FOtplk tprhuizf;FOtplk; ; Neupy tpsf;fk tpsf;fk; ; mspj;jhu mspj;jhu;. ;. fk;ngdp Neupy; ; nrd;W nrd;W  In response Kattabomman appeared before the committee which acquitted him of the charges of rebellion and condemned the conduct of the collector.  fyff fyff; ; Fw;wr;rhl;LfspypUe;J Fw;wr;rhl;LfspypUe;J fl;lnghk;kid fl;lnghk;kid tpLtpj;j fnyf;lu fnyf;lu; ; ele;Jnfhz;l ele;Jnfhz;l tpjj;Jf;fhf mtiuf mtiuf; ; fz;bj;jJ fz;bj;jJ. . tpLtpj;j FO> FO> tpjj;Jf;fhf  S.R. Lushington was appointed collector in the place of Jackson, who was eventually dismissed from service.  Y} epakpf;fg;gl;lhu epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. , gzpePf;fk gzpePf;fk; ; nra;ag;gl;lhu Y}\ \pq;ld pq;ld; ; Gjpa Gjpa fnyf;luhf fnyf;luhf ;. ,Wjpapy Wjpapy; [ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. ;. ; [hf;rd hf;rd; ;

43. However, Kattabomman remained irreconciled. vdpDk vdpDk; ; fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; jdJ gpur;rid gpur;rid , ,d;Dk d;Dk; ; jPutpy;iy nfhjpg;Gld;jhd nfhjpg;Gld;jhd; , jdJ jPutpy;iy vd;w ; ,Ue;jhu Ue;jhu;. ;. vd;w At this time Marudu Pandiyan of Sivaganga along with Gopala Nayak of Dindigul and Yadul Nayak of Anamalai, was engaged in organising a Confederacy against the British.  , ,e;jr jpz;Lf;fy jpz;Lf;fy; ; Nfhghy Midkiy Midkiy ahJy , ,ize;J ize;J Mq;fpNyaUf;F Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd $ $l;likg;ig l;likg;ig cUthf;Fk cUthf;Fk; ; Kaw;rpapy Kaw;rpapy; , ; ,Ue;jhu;fs Ue;jhu;fs;. ;. e;jr; ; R+oypy R+oypy; ; kUJ Nfhghy ehaf;fUlDk ahJy; ; ehaf;fUlDk kUJ ghz;bau;fs ghz;bau;fs; ; ehaf;fUlDk; ; ehaf;fUlDk; ; vjpuhd In view of the identity of interests Kattabomman and Marudu Pandiyan came closer. , ,Nj fl;lnghk;kDk fl;lnghk;kDk;; kUJ neUf;fkhdhu;fs neUf;fkhdhu;fs;. ;. Nj tpUg;gj;Jld tpUg;gj;Jld; , ; ,Ue;j Ue;j kUJ ghz;baUk ghz;baUk; ;

44. Kattabomman also established contact with the Sivagiri palayakkarar. fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; rptfpup ghisaf;fhuUlDk ghisaf;fhuUlDk; ; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lhu Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lhu;. ;. rptfpup njhlu;ig While Panchalamkurichi was situated in an open plain and appeared vulnerable, the strategic location of the fort of Sivagiri at the foot of the Western Ghats and the formidable barriers around it rendered it eminently suited both for offensive and defensive operations. ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp jpwe;j rkntspg;gFjpapy rkntspg;gFjpapy; ; vspjhfj jhf;FjYf;Fs;shFk jhf;FjYf;Fs;shFk; ; tpjj;jpy mike;jpUe;jJ mike;jpUe;jJ. . rptfpupf;Nfhl;il Nkw;Fj;njhlu;r;rp Nkw;Fj;njhlu;r;rp kiyapd mbthuj;jpy mbthuj;jpy; ; tYthd tYthd muz;fSld muz;fSld; ; kpfg kpfg; ; ghJfhg;ghf jhf;Fjy jhf;Fjy;> ;> vjpupfsplkpUe;J vjpupfsplkpUe;J ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; ; Mfpa eltbf;iffSf;Fk eltbf;iffSf;Fk; ; nghUj;jkhdjhf nghUj;jkhdjhf , ,Ue;jJ jpwe;j vspjhfj; ; tpjj;jpy; ; rptfpupf;Nfhl;il kiyapd; ; ghJfhg;ghf Mfpa ,U ,U Ue;jJ. .

45. Thus in a bold attempt to strengthen his position an armed column consisting of the followers of Veera Pandiyan, the son of the Palayakkarar of Sivagiri and other allied chiefs, led by Dalawai Kumaraswami Nayak, moved towards the west. fl;lnghk;kdpd fl;lnghk;kdpd; ; epiyiag gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr; ; rptfpup ghisaf;fhuupd ghisaf;fhuupd; ; kfd jd jd; ; tPuu;fSlDk tPuu;fSlDk; $ gpw gpw jiytu;fSlDk jiytu;fSlDk; ; jstha Fkhurhkp Fkhurhkp ehaf;fupd ehaf;fupd; ; jiyikapy Nkw;F Nkw;F Nehf;fp Nehf;fp mzptFj;Jr mzptFj;Jr; ; nrd;whu epiyiag; ; rptfpup kfd; ; tPughz;bad tPughz;bad; ; ; $l;lzpapy l;lzpapy; , jstha; ; jiyikapy; ; ; ,Ue;j Ue;j nrd;whu;. ;. rptfpupghisak rptfpupghisak; ; fk;ngdpf;Ff fl;Lg;gl;ljhf fl;Lg;gl;ljhf , ,Ue;jjhy tPughz;badpd tPughz;badpd; , nrd;idf nrd;idf; ; fk;ngdp fk;ngdp muR tpLf;fg;gl;l tpLf;fg;gl;l rthyhff rthyhff; ; fUjp jhf;FjYf;F jhf;FjYf;F cj;jutpl;lJ fk;ngdpf;Ff; ; Ue;jjhy;> ;> ; ,e;elt e;elt bf;ifia muR jdf;F fUjp cj;jutpl;lJ. . As the Palayakkarar of Sivagiri was a tributary to the Company, the Madras Governor’s Council considered this as a challenge to its own authority and ordered the march of the army bf;ifia jdf;F

46. In May 1799 Lord Wellesley issued orders from for the advance of forces from Trichirapalli, Thanjavur and Madurai to Tirunelveli. 1799 1799 Nk gpuG gpuG jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> > jQ;rhT+u kJiu kJiu Mfpa Mfpa , ,lq;fspy gilfis gilfis jpUney;Ntypf;F jpUney;Ntypf;F mDg;g mDg;g cj;juT cj;juT gpwg;gpj;jhu Nk khjj;jpy khjj;jpy; ; nty;ny nty;ny]; jQ;rhT+u;> ;> lq;fspy; , ];yp yp ; ,Ue;j Ue;j gpwg;gpj;jhu;. ;. The Travancore troops joined the British. Major Bannerman, armed with extensive powers, effectively commanded the expedition. jpUtde;jGuk jpUtde;jGuk; ; murupd Mq;fpNyaUld Mq;fpNyaUld; , ghdu;Nkd ghdu;Nkd; ; mjpf Nghu;j;jsthlq;fSld Nghu;j;jsthlq;fSld; ; gilfis topelj;jpdhu topelj;jpdhu;. ;. murupd; ; gilAk ; ,ize;jJ ize;jJ. . Nk mjpf Mw;wy Mw;wy; ; nfhz;l gilAk; ; Nk[u; [u; nfhz;l gilfis

47. On 1 June 1799 Kattabomman, attended by 500 men, proceeded to Sivaganga. 1799 [_d; 1 1799 [_d; 1 md;W 500 500 Ml;fSld Ml;fSld; ; rptfq;iff;Fr nrd;whu nrd;whu;. ;. md;W fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; rptfq;iff;Fr; ; At Palayanur Kattabomman held deliberations with Marudu. gioadhW gioadhW vd;w kUJTld kUJTld; ; jPtpu elj;jpdhu elj;jpdhu;. ;. vd;w , ,lj;jpy jPtpu MNyhrid MNyhrid lj;jpy; ; Subsequently, joined by 500 armed men of Sivaganga, Kattabomman returned to Panjalamkurichi. , ,ijaLj;J ijaLj;J> > rptfq;ifapypUe;J rptfq;ifapypUe;J MAjk MAjk; ; jupj;J jupj;J te;j fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;Fj ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;Fj; ; jpUk;gpdhu jpUk;gpdhu;. ;. te;j 500 500 NgUld NgUld; ;

48. • The Palayakkarars of Nagalapuram, Mannarkottai, Powalli, Kolarpatti and Chennulgudi had already formed themselves into a combination due to the efforts of Marudu brothers. • ehfyhGuk ehfyhGuk;> ;> kd;du;Nfhl;il kd;du;Nfhl;il> > ghthyp ghthyp> > Nfhyhu;gl;b Nfhyhu;gl;b> > nre;ey;Fb Mfpa Mfpa ghisaq;fspd ghisaq;fspd; ; jiytu;fs kUJ kUJ rNfhjuu;fspd rNfhjuu;fspd; ; Kaw;rpahy Vw;fdNt Vw;fdNt xd;W xd;W Nru;e;jpUe;jhu;fs nre;ey;Fb jiytu;fs; ; Kaw;rpahy; ; Nru;e;jpUe;jhu;fs;. ;. • mtu;fs mtu;fs; ; fk;ngdpapd Ml;rpg;gFjpfspypUe;j Ml;rpg;gFjpfspypUe;j rpy Fwpg;gpl;l Fwpg;gpl;l fpuhkq;fspy fpuhkq;fspy; ; tup tR+ypf;Fk tR+ypf;Fk; ; cupikia cupikia cWjpg;gLj;jpapUe;jhu;fs cWjpg;gLj;jpapUe;jhu;fs;. ;. fk;ngdpapd; ; rpy tup • They asserted their rights to collect taxes from certain villages in the Company’s territory.

49. • Kattabomman proceeded to join this league to take up its leadership by virtue of the influence that he wielded and the resources he possessed. • fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd;; jd epjpahjhuq;fsiAk epjpahjhuq;fsiAk; ; Kd;dpWj;jp , ,e;j e;j mzpapy mzpapy; ; Nru;e;J jiytu jiytu; ; Mdhu Mdhu;. ;. jd; ; nry;thf;ifAk nry;thf;ifAk; ; Kd;dpWj;jp> > Nru;e;J mjd mjd; ; • ,f;$ ,f;$l;likg;ig l;likg;ig Vw;gLj;j Vohapuk;gz;iz Vohapuk;gz;iz> > fhly;Fb Fsj;J Fsj;J}u; }u; Mfpatw;wpd Mfpatw;wpd; ; ghisaf;fhuu;fisAk ghisaf;fhuu;fisAk; ; mjpy NrUk;gb NrUk;gb typAWj;jpdhu typAWj;jpdhu;. ;. Vw;gLj;j rhg fhly;Fb> > rhg;^u;> ;^u;> • Determined to strengthen this league, he persuaded the chieftains of Satur, Yezhayirampannai, Kadalgudi and Kulathoor to join it. mjpy; ;

50. • On 1 September 1799 Major Bannerman served an ultimatum directing Kattabomman to see him at Palayamkottai. • 1799 1799 nrg;lk;gu nrg;lk;gu;> 1 ghdu;Nkd ghdu;Nkd; ; jd;idf ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; ; re;jpf;Fk;gb , ,Wjp Wjp vr;rupf;if vr;rupf;if tpLj;jhu ;> 1 md;W md;W Nk jd;idf; ; fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; re;jpf;Fk;gb tpLj;jhu;. ;. Nk[u; [u; • As Kattabomman dodged Bannerman decided on military action. • fl;lnghk;kd fl;lnghk;kd; ; re;jpg;igj jtpu;j;jjhy jtpu;j;jjhy;> ;> ghdu;Nkd njhLf;f njhLf;f KbntLj;jhu KbntLj;jhu;. ;. re;jpg;igj; ; ghdu;Nkd; ; Nghu Nghu; ; • The Company army reached Panchalamkurichi on 5 September. • nrg;lk;gu nrg;lk;gu; 5Mk; gil gil ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpiar ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpiar; ; nrd;wile;jJ nrd;wile;jJ. . ; 5Mk; ehs ehs; ; fk;ngdp fk;ngdp