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HANNA FAUZIYAH_213161019_FINAL EXAM TOSE

final exam for study english , beberapa contoh kata-kata dan fungsinya

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HANNA FAUZIYAH_213161019_FINAL EXAM TOSE

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  1. TOSE PREPARATION 2 Createdby : HANNA FAUZIYAH (213161010)

  2. CHAPTER 1 :INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION IN TOSE Structure and Written Expression are strongly related togrammar abilities. The general strategies to complete this section are: • Be Familiar with the direction • Begin with questions 1 through 10 • Continue with questions 11 through 20 • Guess to complete the section before time is up Two types of questions in this section are as follows: • Structure There will be 10 questions about structure. In this part of the test, test takers will face onesentence of each number. Part of these sentences has been replaced with blanks. Each sentenceis followed by four possible answers. Test takers must choose one of the four possible answers tocomplete the sentence so that the sentence will be in a grammatically correct way. • Written ExpressionQuestions number 11-20 in Structure and Written Expression part of TOSE are aboutWritten Expression. Each question in this section consists of one sentence in which four wordsor groups of words are underlined. Test takers have to choose the underlined word or group ofwords that is not correct.

  3. CHAPTER 2 :PARTS OF SPEECH & LANGUAGE UNITS PARTS OF SPEECH The basic form in English is the word. It is very important to find out as much as you can abouta word when you learn a new one. It is crucial for test takers to learn about parts of speech. Fromthe parts of speech, you will find out how the word functions or works. In English, there areeight parts of speech: • Nouns (A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or idea) • Pronouns (A pronoun is used in place of a noun or noun phrase to avoid repetition) • Adjectives (An adjective describes, modifies or gives more information about a noun orpronoun) • Adverbs (An adverb describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb) • Prepositions (A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word) • Verbs (A verb shows an action or state of being. A verb shows what someone or somethingis doing) • Conjunctions (A conjunction joins two words, ideas, phrases or clauses together in asentence and shows how they are connected) • Interjections (An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong feeling or emotion.It is a short exclamation) • SuffixA suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word orto change the part of speech of the word. • Word orderBesides recognizing the suffixes, we can also understand the types of parts of speech by lookingat the position of a word in a sentence or the word order. LANGUAGE UNITS The language units discussed in this section are divided into four: 1. Words (A word converts the group of letters into a meaningful one) 2. Phrases (Any group of meaningful words that do not make complete sense is a phrase) 3. Clauses (A clause is also a group of words but this group must contain a subject and a predicate) 4. Sentences (A sentence is a collection of words that make a certain intended sense)

  4. CHAPTER 3 :NOUNS A noun refers to a person, place, thing, or idea. The discussion of nouns can be divided into:singular-plural nouns, and countable-uncountable nouns.A. SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS A singularnounreferstoonlyone person orthing. Ex: Metthew has a dog A plural nounreferstomorethanone person orthing. Ex: Allisin has threedogs. B. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSCountable nouns are nouns that can be counted. This classification of nouns has singularand plural forms. Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. Uncountable nouns donot have plural form.

  5. CHAPTER 4:ARTICLES In English, there are three types of articles: a, an, the. Articles are used to point out orrefer to nouns. Articles usually precede the nouns or noun phrases. The use of these articles isdetermined by whether the nouns are singular or plural, countable or uncountable, and definiteor indefinite. Articles can also be followed by an adjective and a noun. • The article a is used with singular countable noun started with consonant sound. Ex: She eats a delicious cake • The article an is used with singular countable noun started with vowel sound. Ex: He buys an expensive computer. • The article the is used with singular countable, plural countable, and uncountable nouns. Ex: I will give you the bike tomorrow.

  6. CHAPTER 5:PRONOUNS & PRONOUN REFERENCES • PRONOUNSPronouns are words, such as: I, you, she, or he that take place of nouns. B. PRONOUN REFERENCESBesides recognizing the form of the pronouns and possessives, test takers must also checkthe pronouns and possessives for agreement.

  7. CHAPTER 6:ADJECTIVES & COMPARATIVE- SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES • ADJECTIVESAdjectives are used to describe nouns or pronouns. Ex: Sheisbeautiful. • COMPARATIVE – SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVESComparative adjectives are used to compare two nouns. The pattern is as follows: ex: My house is smaller than yours.

  8. CHAPTER 7 :ADVERBS A. Adverbs Describing Verbs, Adjectives, and Other AdverbsAn adverb describes/modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It tells how, where,when, how often or to what extent. Sometimes, adverbs are formed by putting –lyafter anadjective. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Ex : Shesingsbeautifully.B. Types of Adverbs1. Adverbs of MannerAn adverb of manner explains how an action is carried out. Very often adverbs of mannerare adjectives with -lyadded to the end, but this is certainly not always the case. In fact, someadverbs of manner will have the same spelling as the adjective form.Ex : She passed the exam easily.2. Adverbs of FrequencyAdverb of frequency describes how often something happens.Ex : I usually walk to school.3. Adverbs of TimeSome adverbs belong to adverbs of time. They describe when things happen. Ex : Arina broke her glasses while cooking for lunch.4. Adverbs of PlaceAn adverb of place, sometimes called spatial adverbs, helps explain where an actionhappens. Ex: New York is located north of Philadelphia.

  9. CHAPTER 8 :PREPOSITIO A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within asentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a sentence. Prepositionsare usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns.A. To express time, use time prepositions atex :Let’s meet up at 6 p.m.B. To express an extended period of time, use the prepositions sinceex : He has been gone since last week.C. To express an idea about place, use the prepositions inex ; There is a mosquito in the kitchen.D. Use the prepositions nearex : I live near where I work.E. You can also use prepositions to introduce objects of verbs.Ex : She glanced at herself in the mirror.

  10. CHAPTER 9 :SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT Clauses or sentences must contain subject and verb. The pattern of correct English structureis that the use of the subject and verb must be in an agreement. Some rules of Subject – VerbAgreement are as follows:A. SINGULAR – PLURALIf the subject is singular, the verb must be singular. If the subject is plural, the verb frommust reflect the plural subject.EX : George GershwinisthecreatorofthefirstmusicalcomedytowinPulitzerPrize.( singular ) George Gershwinand Ira Gershwin are thecreatorofthefirstmusicalcomedy. ( plural ) B. SUBJECT AND VERB SEPARATED BY A CLAUSE OR PHRASEWe have to be careful on the subject and a verb which are separated by a clause or a phrase.Sentences with this form still must follow the subject verb agreement pattern. Ex : The novel we bought last week is a best seller.C. THE SUBJECT IS A GERUNDWhen the subject is a gerund (Verb + ing which functioned as a noun), the verb is alwayssingular. Ex : Designing a wedding gown is my hobby.D. OTHER RULESSome English words indicate singular noun although the meaning might be plural. Thosewords are: each (+noun), every (+noun), everybody, everyone, everything, anybody, anyone,anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, no one, and nothing.Ex : Everyone brings their identity card to the conference.

  11. CHAPTER 10 :VERBS A. THE FORMS OF THE VERBSThere are several forms of verbs that you should be familiar with. They are: the base form,present, present participle, past, and past participle. a. Use the past participle after have. Ex : They have watched the concertb. Use the present participle or past participle after be. Ex : We are doing our tasks.c. Use the base form after modals. Ex : I will finish the project soon.B. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MODESSentences can be written in active or passive modes. An active sentence is written when thesubject performs the action.The focus of the sentence is on the subject.

  12. CHAPTER 11 :CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions are words that connect other words, phrases, or clauses. The existence ofconjunction will make complex sentences easier to read and understand. Kinds of conjunctionsare:1. Coordinatingconjunctions ( and ) . Ex : I love cooking and playing badminton.2. Correlativeconjunctions ( either...or... ). Ex : Either Jim or Tyna came to the birthday party last night.3. Subordinatingconjunctions ( because ). Ex : Kylie was very angry because her staff made a very serious problem in her office.

  13. CHAPTER 12 :PARALLEL STRUCTURE The term parallel structure refers to “a string” of nouns, verbs, adjectives, phrases, or clausesthat have similarities in structure and are often joined by one of the following conjunctions:and, but, and or. If the string consists of more than two pieces, commas are used to separatethem, and the conjunction comes before the last item.Ex : You may bring only pens, pencils, and erasers to the test. • Sometimes repeated words, such as auxiliary verbs, can be deleted in parallel constructions.- I have been to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower. (Incorrect)- I have been to Paris and have seen the Eiffel Tower. (Correct)- I have been to Paris and seen the Eiffel Tower. (Better)

  14. CHAPTER 13 :SENTENCE WITH APPOSITIVES Appositives can cause confusion in structure questions on the TOSE test because an appositivecan be mistaken for the subject of sentence. An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that comesbefore or after another noun and has the same meaning. An appositive is a noun that comesbefore or after another noun and is generally set off from the noun with commas. If a word is anappositive, it is not the subject.Ex : ....., george, isattendingthelecture a. Rightnow b. Happily c. Becauseofthetime George= appositiveisattending=verb d. My friend we should recognize from the commas that George is not the subjects of thesentence. George is an appositive. Because this sentence still needs a subject, the best answer is(D), my friend.

  15. CHAPTER 14 :INTRODUCTION TO READING COMPREHENSION IN TOSE There are 25 questions in TOSE Reading Comprehension. The passages in TOSE cover avariety of different subjects. All TOSE passages areclassified into three basic categories based on author purpose: -Exposition -Argumentation -Histirical Common types of organization you should be able to recognize are:• classification• comparison/contrast• cause/effect• problem/solution

  16. CHAPTER 15 :TYPES OF QUATIONS IN READING COMPREHENSION TOSE Reading questions cover Basic Information skills and Inference skills. TOSE ReadingQuestion Types cover the following questions:A. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONSQuestions about main idea may be in a variety of ways, such as to identify the topic, mainidea, subject, title, or primary main idea. These questions actually ask what the primary point theauthor is trying to get across the passage.B. FACTUAL INFORMATION QUESTIONSThese questions ask you to identify factual information that is explicitly stated in the passage.Factual Information questions can focus on facts, details, definitions, or other informationpresented by the author. They ask you to identify specific information that is typically mentionedonly in part of the passage. They generally do not ask about general themes that the passage as awhole discusses. Often the relevant information is in one or two sentences.C. NEGATIVE FACTUAL INFORMATION QUESTIONSThese questions ask you to verify what information is true and what information is NOTtrue or not included in the passage based on information that is explicitly stated in the passage.D. INFERENCE QUESTIONSThese questions measure your ability to comprehend an argument or an idea that is stronglyimplied but not explicitly stated in the text. E. VOCABULARY QUESTIONSThese questions ask you to identify the meanings of individual words and phrases as theyare used in the reading passage (a word might have more than one meaning, but in the readingpassage, only one of those meanings is relevant.) REFERENCE QUESTIONSThese questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in thepassage

  17. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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