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Metaphors in real-time: Evidence for ‘affective models’

Metaphors in real-time: Evidence for ‘affective models’. Lynne Cameron The Open University. A cognitive view of metaphor. Metaphor is “only derivatively a linguistic phenomenon” (K övecses, 2005, p. 8). A socio-cognitive view of metaphor.

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Metaphors in real-time: Evidence for ‘affective models’

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  1. Metaphors in real-time: Evidence for ‘affective models’ Lynne Cameron The Open University

  2. A cognitive view of metaphor • Metaphor is “only derivatively a linguistic phenomenon” (Kövecses, 2005, p. 8)

  3. A socio-cognitive view of metaphor • Metaphor has its existence in the dialogic dynamics of discourse. • It is a matter of both language and thought • or talking-and-thinking. • Many metaphors work as affective models through • embodiment • perception and simulation • socio-cultural convention

  4. The data • ESRC New Security Challenges programme “Perception and Communication of Terrorist Risk” • 12 focus groups, N =96 • London / Leeds • men / women • Muslim / non-Muslim • A-B / C1-C2 socio-economic status • Transcribed recordings: 213K words • Metaphor analysis

  5. The indeterminacy of metaphor • implicit metaphor topics: the use of source domain / vehicle terms in the ‘topic flow’ of the talk • the reach of a metaphor vehicle across the talk • metaphor shifting in the dynamics of talk • interplay of metaphor, metonymy and literal language

  6. Understanding metaphors in real time talk • cultural knowledge of vehicle or source domain ‘models’ • tightly-defined meanings packed into metaphoremes • ‘affective coherence’ across topic flow.

  7. The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioning SOCIAL POSITIONING IS PHYSICAL POSITIONING the middle east situation the situation here

  8. The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioning over in the Czech Republic in Leeds

  9. The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioning in London in gangs

  10. The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioning in London people will look down on you in gangs

  11. The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioning up north in London up town up in Stockwell people will look down on you in gangs

  12. Natura morta Giorgio Morandi 1956

  13. The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioning PEOPLE she was taking it to extremes people close to you,

  14. The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioning NATIONS divisionsbetween the nations, build the bridges. .. hatred on both sides. .. hatred on both sides.

  15. The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioning FAMILIES one side of your family was Irish

  16. The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioning COMMUNITIES you are at the interface ..of this ..situation, community cohesion and everybody's intermingled. integrated

  17. using the scope of the metaphor~model spreading this culture of hatred, .. that was washing around the country, this is where terrorism starts from. like a much more distant threat it’s ignorance that drives people apart

  18. he turned round and said

  19. Coding affect into the language of metaphor: Physical-and-speech-action expressions<turn round and say> is a metaphoreme with the following stabilised characteristics: • the physical action of turning round is metaphorical • the speech action is likely to be hypothetical rather than real • affectively, there is implied opposition, dislike or distrust between speaker and those reported to say in the hypothetical scenario, and/or what is said. • the grammatical form of the physical and speech action verbs is likely to be turn/say or turns/says, i.e. simple present tense or root form • a modal verb occurs in about 50% of uses. I mean using that argument you could turn round and say Rambo’s OK who might turn round and say all right so in life there are ...

  20. Physical-and-speech-action expressions • stand up and say • have the finger pointed at them and said • came forward and said • came up to me and said • come out and say • (America, UK) go into other countries and say • go out and stand on a cardboard box and say • bringing your own little part of Islam into this country and saying • look at and say

  21. Embodied metaphor / metonymy Last month, Len and Helen Prior - a British couple who had retired to a small village in Almeria, southern Spain - hit the headlines as they watched their home being bulldozed. When Len Prior collapsed as his home came tumbling down, it seemed to sum up the hopes of retired Britons like him, who had gone to Spain in search of a new life. It sounded a warning, too, of the traps that lie in wait for unwary buyers. The Guardian, Weds 6 February 2008.

  22. Affect and metaphors of terrorism public perceptions of social issues and international events are strongly shaped by the dominant metaphors (of media and political discourse). (Deignan 2005, p. 131)

  23. WAR is other peoples’ metaphor • terrorists do see it as war; • Blair’s excuse for a war.

  24. Terrorism is • negative action perpetrated by cowards • it's a form of blackmail, • it's a form of bullying, • it’s hit and run. • violent action on society, affectively • they could strike anywhere; • the London bombings would have had a bigimpact; • was just so devastating.

  25. Target as metaphor connecting to the ordinary and the innocent • it’s mostly people that are targeted; • old people are a target; • they’re aiming at innocent people. • soft target

  26. Terrorism as disturbing social and mental balance • the world's out of balance • stir everything up • in this time of unrest • upsets the fragile .. peace • they try to disrupt the government • After a period of time, things • settle down • go back to normal.

  27. GAMES OF CHANCE metaphors • they will play that bluff • the terrorists just stepped up their game • we get caught up in a poker game • a game of bluff • it’s like a lottery really • lottery odds; • if your number’s up; • pawns in a game

  28. GAMES OF CHANCE metaphors AUTHORITIES • or is it..just CIA playing around with people's minds? • you don’t want to playinto the hands of the terrorists • they’re actually dicing with your life

  29. GAMES metaphors • don't let them bea- beat you • it's like this <Q don't let the systembeat you Q>. • it's not a level playing field • on the total sense of fair play.

  30. NATURAL WORLD metaphors • there’s always a bad apple, • there are bad onions in every sack • locking the door after the horse has bolted

  31. Metaphors in real-time talk • Metaphors emerge as more or less coherent vehicle meanings are dropped into the talk with more or less determined connections with the ‘topic flow’. • Metaphorical connections are ‘well enough’ determined for people to understand each other: • through cultural knowledge of large scale metaphors (and these are like ‘models’) • through the tightly-defined meanings packed into metaphoremes • through ‘affective coherence’ across topic flow.

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