Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

1. Step Up To: Discovering Psychologyby John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007)

2. Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methods Observe & Describe Test It Out Perspectives & Specialties Early Beginnings Ethics & Applications

3. Early Beginnings 500 400 300 200 100

4. Perspectives & Specialties 500 400 300 200 100

5. Observe & Describe 500 400 300 200 100

6. Test It Out 500 400 300 200 100

7. Ethics & Applications 500 400 300 200 100

8. 1. Wilhelm Wundt is known as: • A) the founder of psychology as an experimental science. • B) the founder of functionalism. • C) the founder of structuralism. • D) the author of Principles of Psychology, the leading psychology textbook.

9. 2. In ____, the first school of psychology, conscious processes could be broken down into sensations and feelings by using introspection. • A) Behaviorism • B) Functionalism • C) Structuralism • D) Psychoanalysis

10. 3. John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov shared enthusiasm in the approach called: • A) Psychoanalysis. • B) Behaviorism. • C) Functionalism. • D) Structuralism.

11. ____ emphasized unconscious processes, while ____ stressed learned behavior. • A) Structuralism; Functionalism • B) Psychoanalysis; Behaviorism • C) Psychoanalysis; Humanism • D) Humanism; Behaviorism

12. 5. B.F. Skinner is to ____, as Carl Rogers is to ____. • A) underlying conflicts; free will • B) behaviorism; functionalism • C) externally shaped; free will • D) conscious experiences; unconscious processes

13. 6. The ____ perspective focuses on the role of thinking, memory and perception on behavior. • A) behavioral • B) humanistic • C) psychodynamic • D) cognitive

14. 7. Dr. Brown theorized that men were more aggressive because it assured that the strongest men would produce more offspring. He was looking at behavior from the ___ perspective. • A) humanistic • B) biological • C) evolutionary • D) social

15. 8. While both have doctoral degrees, the ____ emphasizes psychotherapy and testing, while the ____ emphasizes medication and electroshock. • A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist • B) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist • C) counseling psychologist; clinical psychologist • D) cognitive psychologist; biological psychologist

16. 9. People exert less effort on a task when they are part of a group than when they are working alone. This may be true in America but not in China, according to ____. • A) evolutionary psychology • B) cross-cultural psychology • C) personality psychology • D) humanistic psychology

17. 10. According to studies, most psychologists have the specialty area of ____ and are employed at ____. • A) educational; universities • B) counseling; universities • C) developmental; schools • D) clinical; self-employment

18. 11. A mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not is called: • A) the rule of falsifiability. • B) pseudoscience. • C) an illusory correlation. • D) paranormal phenomena.

19. 12. Dr. Brennan wanted to study the behavior of children on the playground. It is likely he would want to use: • A) naturalistic observation. • B) case studies. • C) surveys. • D) a control group.

20. 13. When everybody has an equal chance of being included in a study, this is called: • A) a representative sample. • B) a survey. • C) random selection. • D) reliability.

21. 14. If results of research are not likely to have occurred by chance, we say the results are: • A) an illusory correlation. • B) descriptive. • C) valid. • D) statistically significant.

22. 15. Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest correlation? • A) +.10 • B) -.64 • C) +.35 • D) -.10

23. 16. In order to prove a cause-and-effect relationship, we must use: • A) naturalistic observation. • B) human subjects. • C) the rule of falsifiability. • D) the experimental method.

24. 17. In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to the treatment of interest is the: • A) control group. • B) independent group. • C) treatment group. • D) experimental group.

25. 18. Anderson and Dill (2000) investigated the effects of playing violent video games on aggressive behavior. In this study, aggressive behavior would be the: • A) dependent variable. • B) independent variable. • C) control condition. • D) experimental condition.

26. 19. In their study, Anderson and Dill exposed half the subjects to a violent video game and half of them to a non-violent video game for comparison. Those playing the non-violent game were in the: • A) random assignment group. • B) experimental group. • C) placebo control group. • D) low-aggression experimental group.

27. 20. A study in which neither the participants nor the researcher interacting with them are aware of the condition to which the subjects have been assigned is called: • A) expectancy effects. • B) a double-blind study. • C) placebo effects. • D) random assignment.

28. 21. The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the behavior of nonhuman animals is called: • A) comparative psychology. • B) clinical psychology. • C) biological psychology. • D) evolutionary psychology.

29. 22. Psychological research with animal subjects is governed by an ethical code developed by the: • A) ASPCA. • B) APA. • C) AMA. • D) Audubon Society.

30. 23. If you wanted to study how tobacco causes cancer, you should use: • A) the experimental method with human subjects. • B) a survey of cancer patients. • C) case studies of smokers. • D) the experimental method with animal subjects.

31. 24: Which of the following is NOT a key provision in the 2002 APA ethical principles regulating research with human participants? • A) Never deceive the subject. • B) Never disclose personal information about the subject. • C) Always obtain informed consent to participate. • D) Always debrief the participants after they have participated.

32. 25. Personal stories told to confirm or support a particular claim are often misleading and are called: • A) illusory correlations. • B) placebo effects. • C) anecdotal evidence. • D) pseudoscience.

33. Congratulations!

34. Answers Stop here, or continue as a review

35. 1. Wilhelm Wundt is known as: • A) the founder of psychology as an experimental science. • B) the founder of functionalism. • C) the founder of structuralism. • D) the author of Principles of Psychology, the leading psychology textbook. 4

36. 2. In ____, the first school of psychology, conscious processes could be broken down into sensations and feelings by using introspection. • A) Behaviorism • B) Functionalism • C) Structuralism • D) Psychoanalysis 4

37. 3. John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov shared enthusiasm in the approach called: • A) Psychoanalysis. • B) Behaviorism. • C) Functionalism. • D) Structuralism. 7

38. ____ emphasized unconscious processes, while ____ stressed learned behavior. • A) Structuralism; Functionalism • B) Psychoanalysis; Behaviorism • C) Psychoanalysis; Humanism • D) Humanism; Behaviorism 8

39. 5. B.F. Skinner is to ____, as Carl Rogers is to ____. • A) underlying conflicts; free will • B) behaviorism; functionalism • C) externally shaped; free will • D) conscious experiences; unconscious processes 8

40. 6. The ____ perspective focuses on the role of thinking, memory and perception on behavior. • A) behavioral • B) humanistic • C) psychodynamic • D) cognitive 10

41. 7. Dr. Brown theorized that men were more aggressive because it assured that the strongest men would produce more offspring. He was looking at behavior from the ___ perspective. • A) humanistic • B) biological • C) evolutionary • D) social 11

42. 8. While both have doctoral degrees, the ____ emphasizes psychotherapy and testing, while the ____ emphasizes medication and electroshock. • A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist • B) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist • C) counseling psychologist; clinical psychologist • D) cognitive psychologist; biological psychologist 14

43. 9. People exert less effort on a task when they are part of a group than when they are working alone. This may be true in America but not in China, according to ____. • A) evolutionary psychology • B) cross-cultural psychology • C) personality psychology • D) humanistic psychology 12

44. 10. According to studies, most psychologists have the specialty area of ____ and are employed at ____. • A) educational; universities • B) counseling; universities • C) developmental; schools • D) clinical; self-employment 13

45. 11. A mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not is called: • A) the rule of falsifiability. • B) pseudoscience. • C) an illusory correlation. • D) paranormal phenomena. 20

46. 12. Dr. Brennan wanted to study the behavior of children on the playground. It is likely he would want to use: • A) naturalistic observation. • B) case studies. • C) surveys. • D) a control group. 19

47. 13. When everybody has an equal chance of being included in a study, this is called: • A) a representative sample. • B) a survey. • C) random selection. • D) reliability. 22

48. 14. If results of research are not likely to have occurred by chance, we say the results are: • A) an illusory correlation. • B) descriptive. • C) valid. • D) statistically significant. 16

49. 15. Which of the following correlation coefficients reflect the strongest correlation? • A) +.10 • B) -.64 • C) +.35 • D) -.10 23

50. 16. In order to prove a cause-and-effect relationship, we must use: • A) naturalistic observation. • B) human subjects. • C) the rule of falsifiability. • D) the experimental method. 25