The LHC: Search for Elementary Building Blocks in Nature Niels Tuning (Nikhef) 13 Nov 2012

1. The LHC: Search for Elementary Building Blocks in Nature Niels Tuning (Nikhef) 13 Nov 2012

3. Particle Physics Study Nature at distances < 10-15 m 10-15 m atom nucleus Quantum theory describes measurements down to 10-18 m (Compare: 10+18 m = 100 lightyears)

4. Powers of ten… Universe 1026 m Spider 10-2 m Galaxy 1021 m Atom 10-10 m Solar system 1013 m Nucleus 10-15 m Earth 107 m Collisions 10-18 m

5. Particle Physics Questions that were asked for over 2000 years… • What are the elementary building blocks of matter? • What are the forces that act on matter ? 1905 1864 1687 400 v.Chr. Demokritos atom Newton forces Maxwell electromagnetism Einstein All…

6. Why fundamental research? Fundamental research • Can lead to surprises, • Sometimes even useful… “Without general relativity, the GPS would be wrong by 10km/day !”

7. Why fundamental research? Fundamental research • Leads to useful spin-off • Medical • Internet • Educating scientists for society (Philips, ASML, etc, etc) PET scan www

9. Our knowledge in 2012 http:// pdg.lbl.gov

10. Elementary particles up up up Proton down down electron up Neutron down down

11. What can you make out of 3 building blocks? periodiek systeem van Mendeleev Everything!

12. I II III c u t (1976) (1995) b d s (1947) (1978) m e t (1973) (1895) (1936) nm nt ne (2000) (1963) (1956) Elementary particles Not 1 generation, but 3! quarks leptons

13. Fundamentele deeltjes en deeltjesversnellers I II III Charge c u t +2/3 e (1976) (1995) b d s -1/3 e (1947) (1978) m e t -1 e (1973) (1895) (1936) nm nt ne 0 e (2000) (1963) (1956) Is this everything? Generation: quarks leptons Matter

14. Revolutions early 1900: Theory of relativity Quantum Mechanics Paul Dirac (1928): relativistic quantum theory! Anti-matter For every matter particle there is an anti-matter particle! Anti-matter particle: • Same mass • Opposite electric charge

15. I II III Charge c u t +2/3 e (1976) (1995) b d s -1/3 e (1947) (1978) m e t -1 e (1973) (1895) (1936) nm nt ne 0 e (2000) (1963) (1956) Elementary particles quarks leptons Matter

16. I II III Lading c c u t t +2/3 e (1976) (1995) b b d d s s -1/3 e (1947) (1978) m m e e t t -1 e (1973) (1895) (1936) nm nm nt nt ne ne 0 e (2000) (1963) (1956) Elementary particles Lading II III I u -2/3 e quarks +1/3 e +1 e leptons 0 e Anti-matter Materie

17. How do you make anti-matter?? Albert Einstein: E=mc2 Matter + anti-matter= light ! (and vice versa) e+ e- e+ e-

18. Anti-matter in hospitals:the PET-scan e+e  

19. What are the big questions?

20. I. What are the big questions? “Anti-matter” Where did the anti-matter disappear? No anti-matter found with satellites No anti-matter galaxies

21. II. What are the big questions? “Higgs” Mass of particles Neutrino’s Electron Muon Tau Amazing prediction: The Higgs boson:provides the ‘formula’ to give particles mass! up,down, strange charm Top quark bottom

22. III. What are the big questions? “Dark matter” Temperature fluctuationsstructure formation of galaxies Gravitational lens Rotation-curves What isdark materie ? We only studied 4% of the universe!

23. What are the big questions? Higgs?? (what makes particles heavy?) Anti-matter?? (where did it go??) Dark matter?? (what clustered the galaxies??)

24. Astronomy Particle Physics Fundamental (curiosity driven) research • Waar is de Anti-materie heen?

25. The biggest microscope on earththe Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Genève

26. The LHC accelerator Geneve

27. The Large Hadron Collider LHC: 27 km A10: 32 km Geneve Amsterdam

28. The LHC machine Energy is limited by power of 1232 dipole magnets: B= 8.4 T

29. 40 million collisions per second 25 ns = 7.5 m Beam 1 Beam 2 100.000.000.000 protonen

30. Classical collisions Quantum mechanical collissions proton proton

31. Niels Tuning Open Dag 2008 Colliding protons

32. What do we expect? Since 30 years there are very precise predictions!

33. Our language Standaard Model Lagrangiaan Bladmuziek (J.S. Bach)

34. How do we discover new particles? At the LHC at Cern:1) Transform energy into matter Create new particles!

35. How do we discover new particles? At the LHC at Cern:1) Transform energy into matter 2) New particles change accurate predictions

36. LHCb ATLAS CMS ALICE

37. 2) New particles change accurate predictions 1) Transform energy into matter LHCb ATLAS

38. De LHCb detector

39. The LHCb Detector 23 sep 2010 19:49:24 Run 79646 Event 143858637

40. s b s b b μ s μ LHCb: study B decays Find differences between matter and anti-matter Find new particles

41. s b μ μ LHCb: study B decays Find new particles B0s→μμ? B0s→μμ

42. s b μ μ LHCb: study B decays Only 3 out of 109B particles decay to two muons Prefect prediction! Do new particles exist? B0s→μμ!

43. ATLAS: What does a collision look like ? quark quark Simulation top quark production quark proton elektron proton neutrino quark

44. The Atlas detector Biggest camera on earth muon detector position and momentum of charged particles magnet magnet energy electrons and photons human energy of “quarks”

45. The Atlas pixel detector 80 MegaPixel camera 40.000.000 foto’s per seconde

46. The Atlas Muon Detector Nikhef CERN Down stairs in the Nikhef hal mens

47. How is a discovery made? New ? Normal muon muon ? muon muon

48. How many Higgs bosons were produced at the LHC up to now proton proton If the Higgs does not exist 0

49. How many Higgs bosons were produced at the LHC up to now proton proton If the Higgs does exist mh = 120 GeV: 120.000 mh = 200 GeV: 60.000

50. l+ Higgs  ZZ  4 muonsvery few… Z l- higgs l- Z 120.000 Higgs bosons l- hZZ  l+l-l+l- • Only 1 in 1000 Higgs bosons decays to 4 muons • 50% chance that ATLAS detector detects them 60 Higgs  4 lepton events peak !?