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Memory

Memory. Memory. The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Your memory is your mind’s storehouse, the reservoir of your accumulated learning. Memory – Information Processing. Encoding – the processing of information into the memory system

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Memory

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  1. Memory

  2. Memory • The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information • Your memory is your mind’s storehouse, the reservoir of your accumulated learning

  3. Memory – Information Processing • Encoding – the processing of information into the memory system • Storage – the retention of encoded information over time • Retrieval – the process of getting information out of memory storage

  4. Encoding • Encoding is the processing of information into the memory system – the first step of building a memory is sensory input

  5. Automatic Process – some information is encoded without any conscious effort or awareness at all – noticing the color of your friends shirt, or the smell of the bathroom, …..you didn’t have to do anything to remember them later…

  6. Effortful Processing–some information encoding requires both your attention and a conscious effort Remembering the names of the presidents or some girl’s phone number…

  7. Encoding – Effortful Processing • Two effortful practices that may help to gather (encode) sensory information include rehearsal and spacing • Rehearsal – the conscious repetition of information • Spacing – rehearsing information repeatedly, over time. (study, take a break; study, take a break; etc…)

  8. Encoding – Effortful Processing • Semantic Encoding – its easier to remember things that have meaning • Acoustic Encoding – its easier to remember things with sound/rhyme • Visual Encoding – its easier to remember things we visualize

  9. Encoding – Effortful ProcessingSemantic Encoding • Flashbulb Memories – a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event • Where were you when 9/11 occurred • Your 16th Birthday, your first kiss, the first day of high school, a funeral, etc…..even though the memory old, you have a clear recollection the event because it has more meaning to you personally

  10. Study this list for 20 seconds Visual Encoding • Eggs • Pitcher • Balloons • Bell • Musical notes • Surtsey • Hamburger • Present • Glasses • Bicycle • Cake • Drumstick • Handshake • Soccer ball • Puppy • Chalkboard • Letter C • Football • Apple • Hofn • Hotdog • Number 7 • Lunch Box • Cup of Coffee • Cat • Keflavik • Truck • Stork

  11. write down as many as you can remember! Did any of you write Hofn, Surtsey or Keflavik? …probably not, that’s because words that have no “meaning” (Semantics) to you are harder to remember… By the way, they are all towns in Iceland….

  12. Now study these images for 20 seconds

  13. write down as many as you can remember! Did you remember more from the first list (words) or from the second list (images)? Usually, people remember more from the second list because visual encoding is very powerful!

  14. Encoding – Auditory Encoding • Songs! The Alphabet Song and School House Rock! • Rhymes! In fourteen hundred and ninety-two Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue. • "i" before "e," except after "c," or in sounding like "ay" as in "neighbor" or "weigh."

  15. Encoding –Mnemonics - Strategies or Shortcuts that help us remember (Mnemonics) • Acronyms– Organizing items by creating words or sentences from the first letters of the words or information to be remembered

  16. Encoding –Chunking 1,8,1,2,1,7,7,6,1,9,4,1,1,4,9,2

  17. Encoding –Chunking What numbers do you remember?

  18. Encoding –Chunking Chunking – Organizing items into familiar, manageable units • Would those have been easier to remember if I had chunked them like this?: 1812, 1776, 1941, 1492

  19. Encoding –Chunking • Where they easier to remember? • They were the same numbers as before…

  20. 1,8,1,2,1,7,7,6,1,9,4,1,1,4,9,2 • 1812, 1776, 1941, 1492

  21. Encoding –Acronyms • Need to learn the names of North America’s five “Great Lakes”? • HOMES – Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

  22. Encoding – Effortful ProcessingAcronyms • National Basketball Association – NBA • Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus – SCUBA

  23. Encoding –Acronyms • How does a doctor diagnose Depression? DEAD SWAMP:Depressed mood most of the dayEnergy loss or fatigueAnhedoniaDeath thoughts (recurrent), suicidal ideation or attemptsSleep disturbances (insomnia, hypersomnia)Worthlessness or excessive guiltAppetite or weight changeMentation decreased (ability to think or concentrate, indecisiveness)Psychomotor agitation or retardation

  24. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s “Three-Stage Processing” Model • Sensory Memory – the immediate, initial recording of sensory information • Short-Term Memory – activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven-digits of a phone number while you are dialing, and then the information is either stored, or forgotten • Long-term Memory – the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memories

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