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Revision of P1

Revision of P1. Learning Objective : Recap all of the physics content with past paper questions. Index. REVISION OF P1. Learning Outcomes: Good - know the key facts in the physics module EBI - You can apply what we recap to past paper questions

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Revision of P1

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  1. Revision of P1 Learning Objective: Recap all of the physics content with past paper questions

  2. Index REVISION OF P1

  3. Learning Outcomes: Good- know the key facts in the physics module EBI- You can apply what we recap to past paper questions Excellent- You can get 75% of marks in each question Kinetic particle theory The next few slides will give you all of the information that you need for a question about kinetic particle theory. Make sure you make a note of anything that you’re not sure of KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

  4. Learning Outcomes: Good- know the key facts in the physics module EBI- You can apply what we recap to past paper questions Excellent- You can get 75% of marks in each question Translate • You are going to see 3 slides with information about the 3 states of matter. • Translate the information you see into your own words, so that you will be able to remember all of the key facts. KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

  5. Learning Outcomes: Good- know the key facts in the physics module EBI- You can apply what we recap to past paper questions Excellent- You can get 75% of marks in each question solids • Particles vibrate in a fixed position • Strong bonds between particles • Particles are close together • Regular pattern in the arrangement • Solids can’t be compressed as the particles have no space to move into and they have a fixed shape as the particles can’t move from place to place KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

  6. Learning Outcomes: Good- know the key facts in the physics module EBI- You can apply what we recap to past paper questions Excellent- You can get 75% of marks in each question liquids • Particles vibrate and move around each other • Weaker bonds between particles • Particles are close together in a random arrangement • Liquids can’t be compressed as the particles have no space to move into but they can change their shape to match the container that they are in as the particles can move around each other KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

  7. Learning Outcomes: Good- know the key facts in the physics module EBI- You can apply what we recap to past paper questions Excellent- You can get 75% of marks in each question gases • Particles move quickly in any direction • No bonds between particles • Particles are far apart • Random pattern in the arrangement • Gases can be compressed or squashed as they have plenty of space to move into. They also flow and completely fill their container as their particles move quickly in all directions. KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

  8. Learning Outcomes: Good- know the key facts in the physics module EBI- You can apply what we recap to past paper questions Excellent- You can get 75% of marks in each question Kinetic theory Examiner’s tip Be able to describe the arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

  9. Past paper question KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY solid gas solid

  10. Past paper question KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY The marbles model act as molecules / atoms Molecules leaving a liquid = evaporation OR marbles leaving tray = evaporation

  11. Past paper question KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY To evaporate the alcohol requires energy This energy (heat) is taken from the skin and the skin feels cold

  12. Past paper question KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

  13. Past paper question There are attractive forces between molecules. Only the fastest molecules have enough energy to break away from other molecules. These molecules escape from the surface of the liquid. Therefore the average speed / energy of the remaining molecules goes down. The lower the average speed / energy of molecules the lower the temperature of the liquid. KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

  14. Learning Outcomes: Good- know the key facts in the physics module EBI- You can apply what we recap to past paper questions Excellent- You can get 75% of marks in each question PROGRESS CHECK KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

  15. Quick note Quickly jot down any information that you do not know from the next 8 slides. If you are happy with the information, try and change it into a maximum of 3 sentences TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  16. Conduction – key facts DO NOT COPY ALL OF THIS Metals are good conductors Non-metals and gases are poor conductors Free electrons are able to move about in metals and the part of the metal atoms that are left behind are charged metal ions These metal ions are packed closely together and vibrate all the time The hotter the metal, the faster the vibrations of the ions This kinetic energy is then transferred from the hotter parts of the metal to the cooler parts of the metal by the free electrons as they collide with the ions as they move about TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  17. Convection – key facts DO NOT COPY ALL OF THIS Liquids and gases are fluids When they are heated, they expand as the particles move faster The liquid or gas then becomes less dense as the particles take up more space but they are still the same size The liquid or gas in hot areas is less dense than the liquid or gas in cold areas, so it rises into the cold areas. The denser cold liquid or gas falls into the warm areas. This cycle continues until the heat source is removed The wind is caused by convection currents from the Earth being heated by the sun TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  18. Radiation – key facts DO NOT COPY ALL OF THIS All objects emit (give out) and absorb (take in) thermal radiation (infrared radiation) The hotter the object, the more infrared radiation given off Infrared radiation is a type of EM radiation so it travels in waves and can travel in a vacuum Dark, matt materials are good absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation Light, shiny materials are poor absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  19. Evaporation – key facts DO NOT COPY ALL OF THIS The particles in a liquid have different energies Some will have enough energy to escape from the liquid and become a gas. The remaining particles in the liquid have a lower average kinetic energy than before, so the liquid cools down as evaporation happens. This is why sweating cools you down. The sweat absorbs energy from your skin so that it can continue to evaporate. TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  20. Condensation – key facts DO NOT COPY ALL OF THIS The particles in a gas have different energies. Some may not have enough energy to remain as separate particles, particularly if the gas is cooled down. They come close together and bonds form between them. Energy is released when this happens. This is why steam touching your skin can cause scalds: not only is the steam hot, but energy is released into your skin as the steam condenses. TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  21. Factors affecting condensation and evaporation – key facts DO NOT COPY ALL OF THIS Condensation happens faster if the temperature of the gas is lowered Evaporation happens faster if the liquid is increased. Evaporation happens faster if the surface area is increased Evaporation happens faster if air is moving over the surface of the liquid TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  22. Factors affecting heat transfer key facts DO NOT COPY ALL OF THIS Bigger temperature difference -> the faster the heat transfer Larger surface area -> the faster the heat transfer Larger volume -> the faster the heat transfer Some materials either increase / decrease heat transfer TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  23. Heat transfer in action DO NOT COPY ALL OF THIS Small animals have a large surface area to volume ratio so the lose heat quickly Large animals have a low surface area to volume ratio so lose heat slowly Arctic fox has small ears to lose heat slowly Fennec fox has large ears to lose heat quickly Car radiators are flat with many fins so they lose heat quickly Household radiators are thin, flat, sometimes with fins, in order to give heat to the room quickly TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  24. Learning Outcomes: Good- know the key facts in the physics module EBI- You can apply what we recap to past paper questions Excellent- You can get 75% of marks in each question PROGRESS CHECK TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  25. TRANSFER OF ENERGY Energy needed to produce evaporation comes from the body This stops the body temperature rising

  26. Past paper question TRANSFER OF ENERGY The silver space blanket reflects energy back to the runner This reduces the energy transferred from the body by radiation

  27. TRANSFER OF ENERGY transfer of energy by waves / infrared Ions gain kinetic energy Energy is transferred to cooler parts of the metal by free electrons

  28. Water particles at the bottom are heated Water particles move faster The warmer water expands (becomes less dense) The warm water rises / cold water falls to take its place TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  29. Examiner's TIPS • Know that air is an excellent insulator and examples of insulation materials using trapped air. • Be able to explain why evaporation causes the surroundings to cool. • Know the factors affecting the rate at which an object transfers energy by heating and applications of this. • Know how the nature of a surface affects the amount of infrared emitted. • Understand the difference between an object emitting infrared radiation and absorbing infrared radiation. TRANSFER OF ENERGY

  30. HEAT AND THE HOME In order to save money, people can change the materials used in housing. E.g. The materials used for their windows Energy-saving solutions cost money to buy and install. The payback time of an energy-saving solution is a measure of how cost-effective it is. Here is the equation to calculate payback time: Payback time (years) = cost of installation (£) ÷ savings per year in fuel costs (£) If the payback time is too long, the energy-saving solution is not cost-effective HEAT AND THE HOME

  31. Heat AND THE HOME Specific heat capacity of materials can be found by using the formula: E = m × c × ө This tells us how much energy is needed to increase the temperature of 1kg by one degree Celsius The higher the specific heat capacity, the more energy the material can store (e.g. water) Materials have a U-value which tells us how well heat travels through a material The lower the U-value, the better it is at insulating HEAT AND THE HOME

  32. HEAT AND THE HOME

  33. 1 HEAT AND THE HOME 3 and 4 OR 1 and 2 U-values for the 20 mm windows are the same or higher than those for the 16 mm windows So the 20 mm windows are no more energy efficient than 16 mm windows

  34. HEAT AND THE HOME 1 and 2

  35. HEAT AND THE HOME Type B glass transmits less infrared than Type A glass As infrared has a heating effect the conservatory will remain cooler

  36. Examiner's TIPS • Know that air is an excellent insulator and examples of insulation materials using trapped air. • Be able to explain why evaporation causes the surroundings to cool. • Know the factors affecting the rate at which an object transfers energy by heating and applications of this. • Know how the nature of a surface affects the amount of infrared emitted. • Understand the difference between an object emitting infrared radiation and absorbing infrared radiation. HEAT AND THE HOME

  37. Energy efficiency Most Kids Hate Learning GCSE Energy Names • Magnetic • Kinetic (movement energy) • Heat (thermal energy) • Light • Gravitational potential • Chemical • Sound • Electrical • Elastic potential • Nuclear ENERGY EFFICIENCY

  38. Energy efficiency Wasted ENERGY EFFICIENCY Input Useful

  39. Energy efficiency Wasted ENERGY EFFICIENCY Input Useful

  40. Energy efficiency Wasted ENERGY EFFICIENCY Input Useful

  41. ENERGY EFFICIENCY Wasted ENERGY EFFICIENCY Input Useful

  42. ENERGY EFFICIENCY Wasted ENERGY EFFICIENCY Input Useful

  43. Sankey Diagram The thickness of each arrow is drawn to scale to show the amount of energy ENERGY EFFICIENCY

  44. Sankey Diagram Notice that the total amount of energy before is equal to the total amount of energy after (conservation of energy) ENERGY EFFICIENCY

  45. Efficiency Although the total energy out is the same, not all of it is useful. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

  46. Efficiency Efficiency is defined as Efficiency (%) = useful energy output x 100 total energy input • The closer the efficiency is to 1 or 100%, the more efficient the device is and the less energy it wastes • No device will have an efficiency of 1 or 100% as some energy is always lost as heat to the surroundings ENERGY EFFICIENCY

  47. Example Efficiency = 75 x 100 = 15% 500 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

  48. Why use energy efficient devices? We need to use energy efficient devices as they use less energy to do the same job when compared to less energy efficient devices. Why do you think this is a good thing? ENERGY EFFICIENCY 1. Save money 2. Less energy resources are used so there will be more for the future 3. Less CO2 is produced so the effect of global warming will be decreased

  49. Past paper question ENERGY EFFICIENCY 120 / 200 = 0.6 or 60%

  50. Past paper question More efficient, so less energy / electricity needed Less fuel burned so less CO2 produced ENERGY EFFICIENCY You could turn the sound up or down You could turn the brightness up or down

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