AP WORLD HISTORY

1. AP WORLD HISTORY Exam Review Session 2 Classical Civilizations (600 BCE – 600 CE)

2. Remember to focus tonight and take the review seriously. Don’t make me show this guy again.

3. EMPIRE COMMONALITIES • Conrad Demarest Model of Empire • Empires grow due to an expansionist ideology like Hellenism • Empires often expand too rapidly and cannot defend selves adequately, leading to collapse • Strong central authority like an emperor (Aztec, Inca, Greek, Roman, Han, Caliphates, Gupta, etc.) • Trade control / wealth extraction (Mongols) • Social integration of conquered people (Rome)

4. EMPIRES (continued) • Rome granted citizenship to conquered peoples (keep people loyal as citizens) • Mongols “allowed” conquered people to join ranks of military • Aztecs integrated conquered people into their religious services…hey…what’s that knife for? • Persia (Cyrus the Great) kept local officials in place and treated conquered people well (toleration model)

5. THE GREEKS • Ca. 800 BCE -to 200 BCE • City-states like Sparta and Athens • Grew to huge empire under leadership of Alexander the Great (Macedonians conquered the other city-states like Athens) • Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta 431 BCE • Trade and colonization were necessary because of resource scarcity in Greece • Common cultural identity (Hellenism) that unified the city-states and lasted past the end of the empire • Trade and colonization a necessity due to resource scarcity • Philosophy, arts, architecture, democracy, math and science • Slavery allowed for democracy to develop (landowning class had the free time to vote) • Rivals with the Persians (many wars fought) • Broke up into 3 empires (Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid)

6. IMPERIAL ROME • 500 BCE – 476 CE • Republic then dictatorship (Caesar) • Social stratification (Patricians over Plebeians, slaves at the bottom) • Pax Romana (control of trade through force; time of economic stability) • Art, architecture, aqueducts, domes, road network for troops and trade • Polytheistic with gods based on the Greeks until Christianity in the 4th century CE and beyond • Codified legal system (Twelve Tables of Rome) • Rome fought with Carthage (N. Africa) and finally became the dominant power in the Mediterranean region • Constantine’s conversion to Christianity changed Europe forever

7. MAURYAN EMPIRE of INDIA • Mauryan Empire 321 BCE-185 BCE • Centralized government w/ bureaucracy • Chandragupta Maurya – founder, Hindu • Strong military (conquest) • Asoka converts to Buddhism (non-violence) • Asoka’s Rock and Pillar edicts reminded the people how to live virtuous lives

8. GUPTA INDIA • 320 CE – 550 CE • Chandra Gupta based his empire on Mauryan Empire and his hero Chandragupta Maurya • Namesake of Chandragupta • Back to Hinduism from Buddhism (women lose status along with the caste system reinforcement) • Math and science achievements (pi, zero) • Child marriage became more common for girls

9. QIN DYNASTY CHINA221-209 BCE • Short dynasty • Strong agricultural economy • Great Wall of China gets connected • Legalism was favored philosophy • Qin Shihuangdi was emperor

10. HAN DYNASTY CHINA200 BCE – 200 CE • China’s golden age (expansion, unification, Confucianism) • Civil Service Examinations for a strong bureaucracy based on Confucian concepts • Confucianism becomes the preferred philosophy, although Daoism and Legalism are still present • Silk Roads bring Chinese products to Europe and help enhance the image of China in the world as provider of excellent products (silk, porcelain)

11. WHAT GOES UP… • MAYANS COLLAPSE by the 7th century CE probably due to systems failure (internal collapse due to lack of resources for surging population) • HAN DYNASTY COLLAPSES by the 3rd century CE due to overextension of the borders causing high taxes and conscription, famines, floods; regional kingdoms developed for 400 years • GUPTA EMPIRE COLLAPSES by the 6th century CE after invasions by Huns weakened the empire; never a strong military (theater state) • ROMAN EMPIRE splits in two (Byzantine will survive much longer than the western empire) • Greek Empire falls in the 3rd century BCE as Rome rises MUST COME DOWN.

12. CLASSICAL ERA RELIGIONS/PHILOSOPHIES • Buddhism • Christianity • Legalism • Daoism • Confucianism

13. BUDDHISM • Began in India/Nepal in 5th century BCE, emerging out of Hinduism • Siddhartha Gautama founded the philosophy based on Four Noble Truths: • Life is Suffering • Suffering is caused by desire • One can be freed of desire • The Eightfold Path will lead to the cessation of desire

14. BUDDHISM continued • Nirvana is the ultimate goal (like Moksha in Hinduism) and end the cycle of life/death/rebirth to a state of perfect peace and harmony with the universe • Dislike of the caste system led to Buddhism and led many Hindus to convert in India • Open social structure (more egalitarian) • Spread to China, Southeast Asia through trade and missionary efforts

15. CHRISTIANITY • Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, circa 30 C.E. in Roman occupied Palestine • Emerging out of Judaism, Jesus emphasized love of God and of neighbor • Jesus was executed by the Roman Empire after offending the Jewish leadership of the region • New Testament and Old Testament are sacred text (The Bible) • Paul of Tarsus does missionary work and spreads the religion to Asia Minor and to Europe • Jews and Christians split around the year 90 C.E. and have never quite resumed fellowship (divisive issue of humanity/divinity of Jesus and monotheism) • Egalitarian nature allowed the poor and women to gain status in the religion and helped it spread globally • Persecuted originally by the Roman Empire, it gained widespread acceptance after Constantine’s conversion in early 4th century CE

16. LEGALISM • Founded in China during the Qin Dynasty (3rd century BCE) • Same time as Confucianism and Daoism • Taught that peace and stability would only be achieved through tight control by the government, based on a distrust of human nature (people are essentially evil) • Strict laws and harsh punishments used to keep order in society • Appreciated farmers and soldiers and had little use for other social classes

17. CONFUCIANISM • 5th Century BCE philosopher Kong Fu Zi espoused the importance of filial piety and social hierarchy • Honor Parents and Family Name • Father over mother, elder sibling over younger sibling, ruler over subject, etc. • Teachings collected in the Analects • Taught how to restore political and social order amidst the chaos of the time period

18. DAOISM • Founded by Lao-Tzu in the 6th century BCE • Emphasis on nature and the Dao, an eternal principle governing the world • Government was “pointless”, as was education and business • The best action is inaction (wuwei) • Human nature is neither good nor evil • People should balance their male and female sides (yin and yang)

19. Diffusion of Belief Systemsin the Classical Era • Buddhism spread from India to China and Southeast Asia • Christianity spread from Southwest Asia to Europe • Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism stayed predominantly in East Asia

20. Trade Networks of the Classical Era • Silk Roads connected China to Southwest Asia, Europe, and Africa (land based trade) • Maritime Trade in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean • Trade items included: • Chinese silk • Spices from Southeast Asia and India • Cotton from India • Gold and Ivory from Africa

21. CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES • Religious/Belief Systems change in how the goal of the religion/philosophy is not to appease gods to avoid destruction but rather to find internal peace, having figured out nature…somewhat (canals, dams, etc.) • Continuities in building empires with conquest and trade dominance (Greece & Mauryan); and falling empires due to overexpansion/inability to protect borders (Rome & Han) • Women continued to be subservient to men in most societies and enjoy few rights (Gupta India); but some belief systems enabled women to gain some status (Christianity & Buddhism) • Beginning of more interdependent societies based on trade (Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean)

22. TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATIONS of the Classical Age • Stirrups enabled horsemen to be more deadly archers (allowing easier conquest) • Dikes and canals for irrigation prevented flooding and promoted year round agriculture • Aqueducts carried water to cities in the Roman Empire • Calendars • Paper, gunpowder, windmills, wheelbarrows in Han China • Mauryan & Gupta India came up with concept of zero

23. Essay Prompts Related to the Classical Age • Analyze the similarities and differences in the methods of political control of TWO of the following empires: • Han Dynasty • Imperial Rome • Mauryan/Gupta India

24. More Essays • DBQ over Han and Roman attitudes toward technology • Analyze changes and continuities in trade networks in Eurasia between 300 CE and 1450 CE • Analyze changes and continuities in patterns of interactions along the Silk Roads from 200 CE to 1450 CE • Analyze the cultural and political changes and continuities in TWO of the following empires of the classical era: • Roman (100-600 CE) • Chinese (100-600 CE) • Indian (300-600 CE)

25. More Essays • Analyze responses to the spread of Buddhism in China (DBQ) • So, needless to say this era is important! • It’s 15% of the exam (multiple choice and free response questions)