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Caste in a different mould

Caste in a different mould. Understanding the discrimination. Rajesh Shukla Sunil Jain Preeti Kakkar. In terms of the share of population and income share. Distribution of Population, Income, Expenditure and Surplus Income by Social Group (% to total) Ref: Page No. 21.

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Caste in a different mould

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  1. Caste in a different mould Understanding the discrimination Rajesh Shukla Sunil Jain Preeti Kakkar

  2. In terms of the share of population and income share Distribution of Population, Income, Expenditure and Surplus Income by Social Group(% to total) Ref:Page No. 21 The discrimination seems apparent … Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER. Note: Figures in brackets represent average annual household income in rupees.

  3. Or other parameters like ownership of durables Distribution of Households by Selected Welfare Indicators Ref:Page No. 25 The discrimination seems apparent … Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  4. Or even the proportion employed in various professional categories Distribution of Households by Occupation (% to total) Ref:Page No. 53 The discrimination seems apparent … Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  5. Or when it comes to the levels of education Distribution of Income by Highest Level of Education (% to total) Ref:Page No. 49 The discrimination seems apparent … Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  6. In terms of overall incomes for each group Estimates of Household Income, Expenditure and Savings (Rs/annum) Ref:Page No. 46 The discrimination seems apparent … Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  7. Differences in incomes don’t change with levels of education Estimates of Household Income by Highest Level of Education (Rs/annum) Ref:Page No. 47 The discrimination seems apparent … Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  8. Or when it comes to various occupation groups Estimates of Household Income by Occupation (Rs/annum) Ref:Page No. 52 The discrimination seems apparent … Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  9. And even when it comes to religious groups Average Household Income by Socio-Religious Groups (Rs/annum) Ref:Page No. 38 The discrimination seems apparent … Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  10. Upper caste illiterates earn less than matriculate STs Estimates of Household Income by Highest Level of Education (Rs/annum) Ref:Page No. 47 Distribution of Households by Highest Level of Education in Household (% to total) Ref:Page No. 48 But this is not caste in stone … Keep in mind that a very large proportion of SC/ST graduates are located in states/small towns where income levels are much lower

  11. Even upper castes earn small amounts in low-income states Estimates of Household Income by State of Residence (Rs/annum) Ref:Page No. 61 Distribution of Households by State of Residence (% to total) Ref:Page No. 62 But this is not caste in stone … Low-income states have less big towns, SC/ST have less graduates … all this needs to be kept in mind. But differences less in richer states Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  12. The same applies to upper castes in villages and small towns Estimates of Household Income by Location (Rs/annum) Ref:Page No. 61 Distribution of Households by Location (% to total) Ref:Page No. 63 But this is not caste in stone … Differences in income less in big towns. Usual differences due to education etc still apply Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  13. Upper castes in agriculture earn less than STs in modern services Estimates of Household Income by Sectors of Employment (Rs/annum) Ref:Page No. 50 Distribution of Households by Location (% to total) Ref:Page No. 51 But this is not caste in stone … Usual reasons for differences like education apply. But differences reduce in modern services sector Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  14. STs in richer states own more than upper castes in low-income states Distribution of Households Owning Colour TV and Two-Wheelers (% to total) Ref:Page No. 35 0 But this is not caste in stone … Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  15. Greater education ensures Hindus earn more than Muslims Average Household Income by Highest Level of Education (Rs/annum) Ref:Page No. 40 But this is not caste in stone … Distribution of Households by Highest Level of Education (% to total) Ref:Page No. 42 Source:NSHIE (2004-05), NCAER.

  16. STs in rich states earn more than upper castes in poor states Economic Profile of STs by Top 10 States (% to total) Ref:Page No. 159 But this is not caste in stone … Economic Profile of Upper castes by Top 10 States (% to total) Ref:Page No. 178

  17. Thank you

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