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Nephritic Sx & Nephrotic Sx

Nephritic Sx & Nephrotic Sx. Case report 1. 18 yr old man Bilateral loin pain Macroscopic haematuria Sore throat started one day earlier BP 140/90; euvolaemic Creatinine 120 μmol/l Proteinuria and haematuria on dipstix. Case Report 2. 20 yr old lady Completely well

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Nephritic Sx & Nephrotic Sx

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  1. Nephritic Sx & Nephrotic Sx

  2. Case report 1 • 18 yr old man • Bilateral loin pain • Macroscopic haematuria • Sore throat started one day earlier • BP 140/90; euvolaemic • Creatinine 120 μmol/l • Proteinuria and haematuria on dipstix

  3. Case Report 2 • 20 yr old lady • Completely well • Haematuria on dipstix • No proteinuria • Normotensive

  4. Case Report 3 • 12 year old boy • Impetigo two weeks earlier • Headache • Oliguric • Frothy dark coloured urine • Hypertensive

  5. 15yr old woman 3/12 ankle swelling; face and fingers swollen in the am BP 130/80; JVP normal; Leg oedema Creatinine 54 μmol/l Cr Cl 140 ml/min Albumin 18 g/l 24 hr u.protein 10 g Case report 4

  6. Case Report 5 • 30 year old man,diabetic • Known hypertensive • Ankle oedema • Dipstix: ++++ proteinuria • Creatinine 124 μmol/l (80 – 120) • Albumin 30 g/l (36 – 45)

  7. Case Report 6 • 50 year old obese man • Hypertension 10 years • NIDDM 3 years • No retinopathy • Creatinine 124 μmol/l • 24 hr urine protein 2 g • HbA1 9.6%

  8. Structure of the filtration barrier Podocyte Foot processes Fenestrated endothelium

  9. Minimal change disease

  10. Glomerular changes in disease • Proliferation • Sclerosis • Necrosis • Increase in mesangial matrix • Changes to basement membrane • Immune deposits • Diffuse vs focal • Global vs segmental

  11. Common Syndromes • Nephrotic Syndrome • Nephritic Syndrome • Rapidly Progressive GN • Loin Pain Haematuria Syndrome

  12. Features of Glomerular Disease • Proteinuria • Haematuria • Renal Failure • Salt and Water Retention • Loin Pain

  13. Salt and Water Retention • Hypertension • Oedema • Oliguria

  14. Loin Pain • Rare

  15. Proteinuria • Marker of renal disease • Risk factor for cardiovascular disease • Dyslipidaemia • Hypertension • Something more? • 24 hr protein vs urine protein:creatinine ratio

  16. Nephrotic syndrome • Proteinuria > 40 mg/m2*hr • Hypoalbuminaemia (<2.5mg/dl) • Oedema • Hyperlipidemia • Thromboses • Infection

  17. Learning Points • Clinical features • Commonest types • Prognosis • Causes • Treatments

  18. Nephrotic Syndrome • Causes of primary idiopathic NS • Minimal change disease • Mesangial proliferation • Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

  19. Minimal Change Disease • Usually children • Nephrotic syndrome with highly selective proteinuria and generalised oedema • Rarely hypertension or ARF • T cell mediated – VPF • Steroid sensitive usually • Spectrum of disease to FSGS

  20. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis • Juxtamedullary glomeruli – may be missed due to sampling error • Older patients • Less sensitive to immunosuppression • Hypertension, haematuria, progressive CRF

  21. FSGS: • Familial • VUR • Drug abuse • Obesity

  22. Common types of GN Primary • Thin membrane disease • IgA disease • Minimal Change / FSGS spectrum • Membanous Nephropathy Secondary • PSGN & Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis

  23. Rarer Types • Diffuse endocapillary proliferative GN (post infectious GN) • Crescentic GN • Membanoproliferative / mesangiocapillary GN

  24. Nephritic Syndrome • Haematuria • Hypertension • Oliguria • Edema

  25. Rapidly progressive GN • Nephritic or nephrotic onset • ESRF in six months

  26. General Treatment of GN • Control BP • Angiotensin blockade • Statin • Lose weight • Stop smoking • (pneumococcal prophylaxis) • (anticoagulation)

  27. Help! I need a volunteer!

  28. Case report 1 • 18 yr old man • Bilateral loin pain • Macroscopic haematuria • Sore throat started one day earlier • BP 140/90; euvolaemic • Creatinine 120 μmol/l • Proteinuria and haematuria on dipstix

  29. Case 1: indicative answers • IgA Disease • Renal failure, proteinuria, haematuria, oedema, hypertension, oliguria, loin pain • All except oedema and oliguria

  30. Mesangial IgA disease • Classical Berger’s Disease • Microscopic haematuria • Proteinuria (rarely nephrotic) • Hypertension • Chronic renal failure • ? Failure of hepatic clearance of IgA • Association with GI disease • No specific treatment

  31. Ig A Nephropathy • Ig A nephropathy is the most common primary GN worldwide • Usually present with hematuria • Episodes of gross hematuria are precipitated by flu like illness, exercise • Urinary protein excretion usually non-nephrotic • Associated with chronic liver ds, psoriasis, IBD and HIV disease.

  32. Ig A Nephropathy • Only 30% of patients with IgA nephropathy has progressive disease. • In progressive disease, use of fish oil may be beneficial. • Immunosuppressive therapy in patients with Ig A nephropathy has not consistently shown to be of benefit

  33. Case Report 2 • 20 yr old lady • Completely well • Haematuria on dipstix • No proteinuria • Normotensive

  34. Case 2: indicative answers • Exclude menstruation! • Thin membrane disease (possibly IgA disease) • Commonest cause of isolated microscopic haematuria in this age group. • At this age, urological cause unlikely; nil to suggest infection / urolithiasis

  35. Thin membrane disease • Most common GN • Microscopic haematuria • Familial • Benign • No treatment needed • Most young people with isolated microscopic haematuria have thin membrane disease

  36. Case Report 3 • 12 year old boy • Impetigo two weeks earlier • Headache • Oliguric • Frothy dark coloured urine • Hypertensive

  37. Case 3: indicative answers • Acute nephritic syndrome • Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis • Diffuse proliferative endocapillary glomerulonephritis • Due to salt and water retention, so salt restriction or loop diuretic

  38. Acute Post-Infectious GN • Usually occur in children • Post-streptococcal GN is the most common cause of post infectious GN • Occurs after a streptococcal sore throat or impetigo • Caused by Group A, beta-hemolytic streptococci, particularly nephritogenic strains – Type 1,4,12 (throat) and 2,49(skin)

  39. Acute Post-Infectious GN • Acute onset of gross hematuria (COLA COLORED) or microscopic hematuria after latent period of 10-14 days. • Edema/hypertension • RBC casts on U/A • Elevated creatinine, increased ASO titer • Decreased complement level

  40. Acute Post-Infectious GN • LM – Diffuse proliferative and exudative GN • IF – IgG and C3 “lumpy, bumpy” • EM – Sub epithelial “Hump” or “Flame” like deposits

  41. Diffuse Endocapillary Proliferative GN (Post Streptococcal GN) Diffuse endocapillary proliferative GN Post infectious; usually Gp A Strep Acute nephritic syndrome Uraemia rare Self-limited; rarely death from BP Abnormal RUA for up to 2 yrs Circulating immune complex mediated

  42. Acute Post-Infectious GN • Renal biopsy is generally not required. • Treatment is supportive and consist of sodium restriction, control of BP and dialysis if this become necessary.

  43. Complications of the Nephritic Syndrome • Hypertensive encephalopathy (seizures, coma) • Heart Failure (pulmonary oedema) • Uraemia requiring dialysis

  44. Prognosis in the Nephritic Syndrome • More than 95% of children make a complete recovery • Chronic renal impairment in the longer term is uncommon in children • Bad prognostic features include severe renal impairment at presentation and continuing heavy proteinuria and hypertension • Adults more likely to have long term sequellae than children

  45. 15 yr old girl 3/12 ankle swelling; face and fingers swollen in the am BP 130/80; JVP normal; Leg oedema Creatinine 54 μmol/l Cr Cl 140 ml/min Albumin 18 g/l 24 hr u.protein 10 g Case report 4

  46. Case 4: indicative answers • Minimal change – focal segmental glomerulosclerosis spectrum • Very nephrotic • Age and borderline BP make FSGS more likely than MCN • Effect of loss of colloid osmotic pressure gradient across glomerulus causing hyperfiltration

  47. Case Report 5 • 30year old man,diabetic • Known hypertensive • Ankle oedema • Dipstix: ++++ proteinuria • Creatinine 124 μmol/l (80 – 120) • Albumin 30 g/l (36 – 45)

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