By: Nikita Mathew, Noor Al-Alusi, Sara Shu Period 3

1. Chordata: Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds • By: Nikita Mathew, Noor Al-Alusi, Sara Shu • Period 3 http://www.animalpicturegallery.net/animal-picture-peacock-Laurence-Shan.jpg

2. Amniotes • An amniote is a member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo (i.e. mammals, birds and other reptiles). • Embryonic membranes distinguish amniotes from tetrapod amphibians. http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/34-19-AmnioticEgg-L.gif

3. AMPHIBIANS http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/classification/kc_classification_appearance.htm

4. Phylum: Chordata • Class: Amphibia • Salamanders • -Order: Urodela “tailed ones” • Frogs • -Order: Anura “tail-less ones” • Caecilians • -Order: Apoda “legless ones”

5. Sample Animals http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/salamander-regrow-body-parts-1.jpg http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2009/04/090401101745-large.jpg http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources-rx/images/caecilian_30881_1.jpg

6. Body Symmetry • Body Cavity • Has Coelom • Bilateral symmetry http://z.about.com/d/animals/1/0/W/5/shutterstock_716539.jpg

7. Nervous System • Present • Brain has medulla, cerebellum, a small cerebrum • Has spinal cord and nerves • Two eyes with third eyelid/protective membrane

8. Circulatory System • Are cold blooded (body temperature same as surrounding environment) • Three chambered-heart with two atria and one ventricle

9. Digestive System • All amphibians use mouth, stomach, and small intestine for digestion • Frogs have a long sticky tongue that is usually folded backwards in their mouth http://www.pollsb.com/photos/o/26648-frog_tongue.jpg

10. Excretory System • Two kidneys are the main excretory organs • Filter waste that leaves the body as urine • Liquid and solid wastes leave through cloaca

11. Locomotion/Musculature • Frogs and salamanders are tetrapods (“four feet”) • Most frogs and salamanders use strong hind legs to move • Caecilians burrow in moist soil because they are legless http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/frog/frog9938-LeopardFrog-Jumping.jpg

12. Skeletal Type • Endoskeleton—consists of hard supporting elements (cartilage and/or bone) • Has axial skeleton (skull, backbone, and ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs) • Skeleton provides support and enables movement

13. Sensory Structures/Features • Frogs and salamanders have eyes while caecilians are nearly blind • Can sense vibrations on the ground • Frogs have external eardrums that sit behind the eyes http://departments.juniata.edu/biology/vertzoo/Frog_morphology.jpg

14. Reproduction: Frogs and Salamanders • Sexual reproduction • Eggs laid and fertilized outside of mother’s body in water/moist environment • Eggs lack shell so are prone to dehydration so amphibians lay them in moist environments with a jelly-like layer for protection

15. Reproduction: Caecilians • Only amphibians to use internal insemination • Fertilized eggs are laid outside and guarded by female • When hatched, caecilians are already metamorphed

16. Gas Exchange • Mostly rely on moist skin for gas exchange • Breathe using positive pressure • Lowers roof of mouth and take in air through nostrils. Nostrils then close and roof of mouth is raised, pushing air into lungs.

17. Other features • Amphibian means “two lives” (many live in aquatic and terrestrial environments) • Have complex social behaviors, including certain vocal communication during breeding http://www.amphibian.com.au/amphibian_frog.jpg

18. Reptiles Phylum: Chordata http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/classification/kc_classification_appearance.htm

19. http://derek4messiah.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/eating-lizards-acts-10-11/http://derek4messiah.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/eating-lizards-acts-10-11/ http://www.marathonbooks.com/Alligator.html http://www.worldlatestnews.com/world-news/t-rex-was-a-cowardly-bully-who-picked-on-runts-60933 http://naturescrusaders.wordpress.com/2009/02/19/sea-turtles-are-drowning-save-them-from-bottom-longline-fishing-nets/

20. Body Symmetry • Body Cavity • present • bilateral http://en.academic.ru/pictures/enwiki/70/Florida_Alligator.jpg http://fireflyforest.net/images/firefly/2005/June/gopher-snake-head.jpg http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/12/03/article-1091654-02ACEF34000005DC-483_468x463.jpg

21. Nervous System • Snake’s tongue have highly sensitive smell sensors. • Alligators have sensory nodules on jaws, connect to nerve fibers responding to vibrations and small pressure changes in the water. • Crocodiles have similar organs on almost every scale on their body • Nervous system consists of a brain, spinal cord, and sense organs. • More advanced nervous system than amphibians • Reptiles have much smaller brains compared with mammals • Olfactory bulb http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/409665/70848/In-the-brain-of-reptiles-such-as-the-caiman-the

22. Circulatory System • Cold blooded- do not use metabolism to control body temperature • Behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature • Ectothermic-absorption of external heat as main source of body heat

23. Digestive System • Present [mouth, teeth, esophagus, stomach, rectum] • Snakes: loosed articulated jaws and elastic skin to swallow prey larger than itself http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060915-python-ewe.html

24. Excretory System • Cold blooded • Covered with scales • Kidneys and ureters to get rid of liquid wastes • Molt/shed their skin

25. Locomotion/Musculature • Snakes use waves of lateral bending to propel themselves forward • They also grip ground with belly scales at several points, pulling its other parts forward. • Other Reptiles: • -stomachs close to ground • - low center of gravity forces body to work more http://www.rubberbug.com/reptiles.htm

26. Skeletal Type • endoskeleton • Breast bone protects lungs and heart • Turtles have a hard shell that are fused to the vertebrae and ribs; defense against predators. http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/turtle-shell-1.jpg

27. Sensory Structures/Features • Scales that contain keratin—provides waterproof barrier that helps prevent dehydration in dry air • Snakes: • -acute chemical sensors and lack eardrums—their sensitivity to ground vibrations help them detect movement • -flicking tongue helps to fan odors toward olfactory organs on roof of mouth

28. Reproduction • Sexual • Female’s eggs fertilized internally • Eggs, with a leathery and flexible shell, are then deposited

29. The Amniotic Egg • extraembryonic membranes protect the embryo. • gas exchange, waste storage, transfer of stored nutrients to embryo • Amnion: a fluid filled cavity that cushions against shock • Is not found in amphibians

30. Gas Exchange • Watertight skin (due to scales) not used as respiratory surface. • Most rely solely on lungs for gas exchange • Turtles also use moist surfaces of cloaca.

31. Unique Features • Some lizards can lift their front legs off the ground while running http://forums.xkcd.com/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=24742&start=200 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.duiops.net/seresvivos/galeria/lagartos/Animals%2520Funny_Lounge%2520Lizard.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.duiops.net/seresvivos/gallery_lizards.html&usg=__CtYkVu8qt4gCQjHxAPznnjygUeQ=&h=1200&w=1600&sz=263&hl=en&start=2&sig2=uKXNwOkb_vXSt0JdEuzWWg&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=vX9baTQziSNaBM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfunny%2Breptiles%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4SNNT_enUS353US353%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=DaOdS6OoF4bmtgPl5t2dAg http://www.duiops.net/seresvivos/galeria/lagartos/Animals%20Funny_Lounge%20Lizard.jpg

32. Birds Phylum: Chordata http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/classification/kc_classification_appearance.htm

33. Ostrich Sample Animals Finch http://www.icis.com/blogs/asian-chemical-connections/035ostrich_468x538.jpg http://www.steveklotz.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/finch.jpg Ducks Toucan http://www.wildernessclassroom.com/www/schoolhouse/rainforest_library/animal_images/toucan.jpg http://kecute.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/ducks-cute.jpg

34. Body Cavity Body Symmetry • Bilateral symmetry • Present (has coelom) http://www.birdsafaris-uganda.com/images/bird%20watching.jpg

35. Nervous System • Present • The central nervous system is composed of a brain, a spinal chord, and nerves. • The autonomic nervous system controls heartbeat, breathing, and digestion. http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/miller/brainfig7-11.gif

36. Circulatory System • Present • Warm-blooded • Heart pumps blood through body to give energy to all parts of the bird • Birds have a four-chambered heart to keep tissues well supplied with oxygen and nutrients, supporting a high rate of metabolism. http://chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu/explore/embryology/day02/graphics/bird_heart.jpg

37. Digestive System • Present • Beaks evolutionarily modified according to diet/environment • The crop organ is unique to birds, stores food, continuously supplies small amounts of food to the stomach • Stomach has two parts: Proventriculus (secretes digestive juices) & Gizzard (gravel and muscles grind up food) • Extremely high metabolism http://www.ericsons.net/images/129.jpg

38. Excretory System • Two kidneys are the main excretory organs • Birds lack a urinary bladder • Both liquid and solid wastes are excreted through cloaca http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_6PVnFGph9uU/Ss0uSC-4yUI/AAAAAAAABTs/Y6wXEuD_TlU/s400/seagull+pic.JPG

39. Locomotion/Musculature • Wings (made of B-keratin) adapted for flight • Power for flapping comes from contractions of the large pectoral attached to sternal keel • Some birds have wings adapted to soar on air currents and flap their wings only occasionally • Ratites = flightless birds (lack sternal keel and enlarged pectoral muscles) http://raptorrehab.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/bird_wing_by_lily.jpg

40. Skeletal Type • Internal skeleton • Two legs and two wings • Reduction in weight facilitates flight (no teeth, no jaw bones, reduced skull) • Hollow bones make bones stronger, not lighter • Sternal keel allows for flight (not present in ratites) http://www.emperor-penguin.com/penguin-chick.jpg

41. Sensory Structures/Features http://www.markhazeldesign.com/images/owl-eyes.jpg • Well developed mid brain -> acute vision • Excellent sense of hearing • Reduced olfactory lobes -> poor sense of smell • Large Corpora Striata -> instinctive behavior (i.e. feeding, flying, reproduction, etc.)

42. Reproduction • Sexual reproduction • Eggs fertilized internally • Eggs have protective shell http://www.klamathbirdingtrails.com/images/ed-eggs.jpg

43. Reproduction (cont’d.) • Birds engage in elaborate courtship rituals during breeding season http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~iag/peacock3b.jpg

44. Gas Exchange • Complex respiratory system • Air goes into nostrils -> trachea -> syrinx -> bronchi -> lungs -> abdominal air sacs ->lungs -> other air sacs -> up the bronchi http://www.earthlife.net/birds/breath.html

45. Other Unique Features • Wide range of feet and beaks, adapted to the environment and food • A bird’s brain is actually 10x larger than a non-bird reptile’s, and only slightly smaller than a mammal’s http://static.lulu.com/items/volume_63/4086000/4086238/1/preview/320_4086238.jpg

46. QUIZ! • Of the amphibians (frogs, salamanders, caecilians), which organisms use external fertilization? • Frogs • Salamanders • Caecilians • Both A and B

47. ANSWER: D • (eggs of frogs and salamanders are fertilized outside the body while caecilians’ eggs are fertilized internally)

48. 2. Platyhelminthes, birds, amphibians, and reptiles all possess:  • a. A true circulatory system • b. A true respiratory system • c. Bilateral Symmetry • d. Coelom • e. A vertebrae

49. ANSWER: C • (amphibians, birds, reptiles, and Platyhelminthes all have bilateral symmetry)

50. 3. Which of the following are cold-blooded?  • A. Amphibians • B. Birds • C. Reptiles • D. Both A and C