medical terminology

1. Chapter 15: Nervous System and Behavioral Health medical terminology

2. Chapter 15 Abbreviations • CNS • ADD • ADHD • CP • CVA • HA • LOC • MS • TIA • central nervous system • attention deficit disorder • attention deficit hyperactivity disorder • cerebral palsy • cerebrovascular accident • headache • loss of consciousness • multiple sclerosis • transient ischemic attack (little strokes)

3. Chapter 15 Abbreviations • CSF • ICP • CT • EEG • LP • MRI • A&O • PERL • BA • ETOH • cerebrospinal fluid • intracranial pressure • computerized tomography • electroencephalogram • lumbar puncture • magnetic resonance imaging • alert and oriented • pupils equal and react to light • blood alcohol (drinking alcohol) • ethyl alcohol (drinking alcohol)

4. The Nervous System • Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and may be divided into two parts: CNS (brain & spinal cord) & PNS (all other nerves) • Function • Forms a complex communication system allowing for the coordination of body functions and activities • Also designed to detect changes inside and outside the body, to evaluate this sensory info., and to send directions to muscles or glands in response • Mental activities such as thought, memory, and emotions

5. The Nervous System

6. The Nervous System • Organs of the CNS • Brain • contained within the cranium, the center for coordinating body activities • cerebrum: largest portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. Controls the skeletal muscles, interprets general senses (such as temp., pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum • ventricles: spaces within the brain that contain a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid, which flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord

7. The Nervous System • cerebellum: located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum. Assist in the coordination of skeletal muscles and to maintain balance (hindbrain) • brainstem • stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. 10 of 12 cranial nerves originate here • pons: literally means bridge. Connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem • medulla oblongata: located between the pons and spinal cord. It contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure • midbrain: most superior portion of the brainstem

8. The Nervous System • cerebrospinal fluid • clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste • spinal cord • passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. Conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain • meninges: three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)

9. The Nervous System • dura mater: tough outer layer of the meninges • arachnoid: delicate middle layer of the meninges. Loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space • pia mater: thin inner layer of the meninges

10. The Nervous System • Organs of the PNS • nerve • cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another. 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves • ganglion (pl. ganglia): group of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS • glia: specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue. Some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and others assist with phagocytosis. They do not conduct impulses. Three types are astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia (also called neuroglia)

11. The Nervous System • neuron: a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system. Destroyed neurons cannot be replaced.

12. Word Parts for the Nervous System Combining Form Definition • cerebell/o • cerebr/o • dur/o • encephal/o • gangli/o, ganglion/o • mening/o, meningi/o • cerebellum – balance and coordination portion of brain • cerebrum – thinking part of brain • dura mater, outermost meninge • brain • ganglion (collection of nerve endings outside CNS) • meninges – 3 layers around brain and spinal cord (dura, pia, arachnoid)

13. Word Parts for the Nervous System Combining Form Definition • myel/o • neur/o • radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o • spinal cord • nerve • nerve root (anterior and posterior fibers from spinal cord that comprise spinal nerve)

14. Word Parts commonly used with Nervous System Combining Form Definition • esthesi/o • ment/o, psych/o • mon/o • phas/o • quadr/i • sensation, feeling • mind • one, single • speech • four

15. Word Parts for theNervous System Suffix Definition • -iatrist • -iatry • -ictal • -paresis • specialist, physician • specialty, study of or field of • seizure, attack • slight paralysis

16. Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • cerebellitis • cerebral thrombosis • duritis • encephalitis • encephalomalacia • encephalomyeloradiculitis • gangliitis • meningioma • meningitis • meningocele

17. Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • meningomyelocele • mononeuropathy • neuralgia • neurasthenia • neuritis • neuroarthropathy • neuroma • neuropathy • polyneuritis • polyneuropathy

18. Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • radiculitis • radiculopathy • rhizomeningomyelitis • subdural hematoma

19. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • cerebral aneurysm • cerebral embolism • dementia • aneurysm in the cerebrum • an embolus lodges in a cerebral artery, causing sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue. A common cause of cerebral embolism, a type of ischemic stroke, is atrial fibrillation • cognitive impairment characterized by a loss of intellectual brain function. Patients have difficulty in various ways, including difficulty in performing complex tasks, reasoning, learning and retaining new information, orientation, word finding, and behavior

20. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • epilepsy • hydrocephalus • sciatica • condition characterized by recurrent seizures; a general term given to a group of neurologic disorders, all characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain • increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, which can cause enlargement of the cranium in infants • inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods

21. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • stroke • occurs when there is an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients. The cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes. The parts of the body controlled by the involved cells will experience dysfunction • Speech, movement, memory, and other CNS functions may be affected in varying degrees. • Ischemic stroke is a result of a blocked blood vessel, Hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding. (also called cerebrovascular accident [CVA], or brain attack)

22. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • transient ischemic attack (TIA) • sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time. • Symptoms may be similar to those of stroke, but with TIA the symptoms are temporary and the usual outcome is complete recovery. TIAs are often warning signs for eventual occurrence of a stroke

23. Med Terms (from word parts)[Surgical Terms] Term Definition • ganglionectomy • neurectomy • neurolysis • neuroplasty • neurorrhaphy • neurotomy • radicotomy • rhizotomy

24. Med Terms (from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING • cerebral angiography NEURODIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES • electroencephalogram (EEG) • electroencephalograph • electroencephalography

25. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition • computed tomography of the brain (CT scan) • process that includes the use of a computer to produce a series of brain tissue images at any desired depth. • Procedure is painless and particularly useful in diagnosing brain tumors

26. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Imaging] Term Definition • magnectic resonance imaging of the brain or spine (MRI scan) • a noninvasive technique that produces sectional images of soft tissues of the brain or spine through a strong magnetic field. Unlike a CT scan, MRI produces images w/o use of radiation • Used to visualize tumors, edema, multiple sclerosis, and herniated disks

27. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition • positron emission tomography of the brain (PET scan) • nuclear medicine imaging techniqe with a radioactive substance that produces sectional imaging of the brain to examine blood flow and metabolic activity. • images are projected on a viewing screen

28. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Imaging] Term Definition • lumbar puncture (LP) • insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. • It is performed for many reasons, including the removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes (also called spinal tap)

29. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Term Definition • anesthesia • aphasia • cephalalgia • cerebral • craniocerebral • dysphasia • encephalosclerosis • hemiparesis • hemiplegia • hyperesthesia

30. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Term Definition • interictal • intracerebral • mental • monoparesis • monoplegia • myelomalacia • neuroid • neurologist • neurology • panplegia

31. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Term Definition • paresthesia • postictal • preictal • quadriplegia • subdural

32. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Term Definition • afferent • ataxia • cognitive • coma • concussion • conveying toward a center (i.e. afferent nerves carry impulses to the central nervous system) • lack of muscle coordination • pert. to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reason • state of profound unconsciousness • injury to the brain caused by major or minor head trauma; symptoms include vertigo, headache, and possible loss of consciousness

33. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Term Definition • conscious • convulsion • disorientation • efferent • gait • awake, alert, aware of one’s surroundings • sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles; may be present during a seizure • a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity • conveying away from the center (i.e. efferent nerves carry information away from the central nervous system) • a manner or style of walking

34. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Term Definition • incoherent • paraplegia • seizure • shunt • unable to express one’s thought or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner • paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of the spinal cord • sudden surge of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors • tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid

35. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Term Definition • syncope • unconsciousness • fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum • state of being unaware of surrounding and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness, or drugs

36. Med Terms (from word parts)[Behavioral Health] Term Definition • psychiatrist • psychiatry • psychogenic • psychologist • psychology • psychopathy • psychosis (pl. psychoses) • psychosomatic

37. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Behavioral Health] DELETED TERMS • anorexia nervosa • anxiety disorder • attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • autism • bipolar disorder • bulimia nervosa • major depression • obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) • panic attack • phobia • pica • posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) • schizophrenia • somatoform disorders

38. Neurological Assessment • A + O x 3 = alert and oriented times three (person place and time) [alert – what does the patient respond to? – voice, touch, pain] • PERL – pupils equal and reactive to light • Mentation – ability to think • Reflexes LOC = level of consciousness or loss of consciousness