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Learning from One’s Mistakes: Effects of Age and Error Processing

Learning from One’s Mistakes: Effects of Age and Error Processing. Nicole D. Anderson, PhD, CPsych Associate Professor, Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Toronto Senior Scientist, Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest York Neuropsychology Rounds – January 7, 2013.

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Learning from One’s Mistakes: Effects of Age and Error Processing

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  1. Learning from One’s Mistakes: Effects of Age and Error Processing Nicole D. Anderson, PhD, CPsych Associate Professor, Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Toronto Senior Scientist, Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest York Neuropsychology Rounds – January 7, 2013

  2. Errors in Everyday Life Providing the world with innovations in aging

  3. Outline • Background • Improving errorless learning • Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) • Guild & Anderson (2012) • Improving trial-and-error learning • Cyr & Anderson (2012a) • Cyr & Anderson (2012b) • Cyr & Anderson (a couple in prep) • A Framework of Error Processing in Episodic Memory • Future Directions Providing the world with innovations in aging

  4. Baddeley & Wilson (1994) • 16 people with amnesia (20-69) • 16 healthy old (61-79) • 16 healthy young (20-58) • 5-word list • 10-word list • 10-word list Three learning trials (data not provided), followed by nine additional trials with the same word list, conducted twice with different words. Providing the world with innovations in aging

  5. Baddeley & Wilson (1994) “BRAIN”? BR____? BRICK “BRIDGE”? TEL “BRIM”? MUSTARD MU___? EL Providing the world with innovations in aging

  6. Baddeley & Wilson (1994) Providing the world with innovations in aging

  7. Errorless Learning • Acquired brain injury • Glisky et al. 1986 • Kalla et al. 2001 • Riley et al. 2004 • Haslam et al. 2012 • Amnesia / Memory Impairment • Hamman & Squire 1995 • Squires et al. 1997 • Hunkin et al. 1998 • Tailby & Haslam 2003 • Page et al. 2006 • Korsakoff’s • Komatsu et al. 2000 • Aging, MCI, AD • Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson 2009 • Ruis & Kessels 2005 • Haslam et al. 2006 • Anderson et al. 2012 • Guild & Anderson 2012 • Laffan et al 2010 • Semantic Dementia • Jokel & Anderson 2012 • But see… • Evans et al. 2000 • Dunn 2003 • Dunn & Clare 2007 • Kessels 2007 Providing the world with innovations in aging

  8. But hold on…. Errorless Learning Trial-and-Error Learning • Entirely passive • Encourages shallow processing • Active and effortful • Encourages deep processing Providing the world with innovations in aging

  9. But hold on… Passive Active WA___ war-wand-walnut; WALRUS TEL WA___ WALRUS EL Providing the world with innovations in aging

  10. Outline • Background • Improving errorless learning • Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) • Guild & Anderson (2012) • Improving trial-and-error learning • Cyr & Anderson (2012a) • Cyr & Anderson (2012b) • Cyr & Anderson (a couple in prep) • A Framework of Error Processing in Episodic Memory • Future Directions Providing the world with innovations in aging

  11. Tailby & Haslam (2003) Passive Active WA___ wall-wallet-walnut; WALRUS TEL WA___ A mammal with tusks WALRUS WA___ WALRUS EL Providing the world with innovations in aging

  12. Tailby & Haslam (2003) • 24 people with mixed bag episodic memory impairment: 8 mild, 8 moderate, 8 severe • 12-word lists, each presented 3x • Errorless – Passive (EL-P) • Errorless – Active (EL-A) • Trial-and-Error – Active (TEL-A) Providing the world with innovations in aging

  13. Tailby & Haslam (2003) Providing the world with innovations in aging

  14. TobiLubinsky • 23 healthy older adults • 23 people with single-domain amnestic MCI • Four lists encoded • Free recall • Cued recall • Final recognition for all four lists Providing the world with innovations in aging

  15. Tailby & Haslam (2003) Passive Active WA___ wall-wallet-walnut; WALRUS TEL WA___ A mammal with tusks WALRUS WA___ WALRUS EL Providing the world with innovations in aging

  16. Lubinsky et al. (2009) Passive Active WAL___ wall-wallet-walnut; WALRUS Mammal; Tusks WAL___ wall-wallet-walnut; WALRUS Mammal; Tusks TEL WAL___ Mammal; Tusks WALRUS WAL___ WALRUS Mammal; Tusks EL Providing the world with innovations in aging Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) JINS

  17. Lubinsky et al. (2009) Passive Active Passive Active Trial-and-Error Errorless Providing the world with innovations in aging Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) JINS

  18. Lubinsky et al. (2009) • Results replicated in second study using sentence stems (e.g., Hank reached into his pocket to get the _______). • Benefit of active errorless learning present only when generation cues recapitulated at retrieval • Free recall (Study 1 and 2) • Yes/No recognition (walrus?) (Study 1) • Cued Recall (Study 1 and 2) • Cued Recognition (Study 2) Providing the world with innovations in aging Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) JINS

  19. Lubinsky et al. (2009) • Consistent with multifactor view of generation effect (Hirshman & Bjork, 1988; McDaniel et al., 1990) • Item-specific : yes/no recognition • Cue-target : cued recall (tusks - ???) and cued recognition (Hank reached into his pocket to get the _______) • Inter-item : free recall Providing the world with innovations in aging Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) JINS

  20. Emma Guild • 32 healthy older adults • Categorized or uncategorized word lists (between-Ss) • Four lists: EL-P, EL-A, TEL-P, TEL-A • Free recall after each list; final cued recall • Predicted EL-active advantage for unrelated lists in cued recall, and for related lists in free recall Providing the world with innovations in aging

  21. Lubinsky et al. (2009) Passive Active WAL___ wall-wallet-walnut; WALRUS Mammal; Tusks WAL___ wall-wallet-walnut; WALRUS Mammal; Tusks TEL WAL___ Mammal; Tusks WALRUS WAL___ WALRUS Mammal; Tusks EL Providing the world with innovations in aging Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) JINS

  22. Guild & Anderson (2012) Passive Active ANIMAL Dog-Horse-Pig Hop – r_bb_it RABBIT ANIMAL Dog-Horse-Pig Hop – r_bb_t: RABBIT TEL ANIMAL Hop – r_bb_it RABBIT ANIMAL Hop – r_bb_t: RABBIT EL Providing the world with innovations in aging Guild & Anderson (2012) ANC

  23. Guild & Anderson (2012) Trial-and-Error Errorless Providing the world with innovations in aging Guild & Anderson (2012) ANC

  24. Guild & Anderson (2012) Trial-and-Error Errorless Providing the world with innovations in aging Guild & Anderson (2012) ANC

  25. Improving Errorless Learning • Active errorless learning is more advantageous than passive errorless learning, but only when the processes evoked by generation at encoding are recapitulated at retrieval Providing the world with innovations in aging Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) JINS

  26. Outline • Background • Improving errorless learning • Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) • Guild & Anderson (2012) • Improving trial-and-error learning • Cyr & Anderson (2012a) • Cyr & Anderson (2012b) • Cyr & Anderson (a couple in prep) • A Framework of Error Processing in Episodic Memory • Future Directions Providing the world with innovations in aging

  27. Andrée-Ann Cyr • Website https://sites.google.com/site/andreeanncyr/ • Email andreeann.cyr@mail.utoronto.ca Providing the world with innovations in aging

  28. But hold on…. Errorless Learning Trial-and-Error Learning • Entirely passive • Encourages shallow processing • Active and effortful • Encourages deep processing Providing the world with innovations in aging

  29. Perceptual Learning “BRIM”? BRI____? BRICK “BRIDGE”? TEL “BRIDE”? MUSTARD MUS___? EL EL > TEL Providing the world with innovations in aging

  30. Conceptual Learning “ROSE”? A flower? TULIP TEL “ORCHID”? “VIOLET”? A sport? SOCCER EL EL < TEL Providing the world with innovations in aging

  31. Cyr & Anderson (2012a) “ORCHID”? A flower? TULIP TEL “VIOLET”? A sport? SOCCER EL 33 younger adults 31 older adults Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging

  32. Cyr & Anderson (2012a): Study 1 • Prediction (cf. Anderson & Craik, 2006): • Recollection: TEL > EL • Familiarity: EL > TEL • Process dissociation procedure (Jacoby, 1991) • Double exclusion task Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging

  33. Cyr & Anderson (2012a): Study 1 Familiarity Recollection Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging

  34. Cyr & Anderson (2012a): Study 2 “ORCHID”? A flower? TULIP TEL “VIOLET”? A sport? SOCCER EL 15 younger adults 15 older adults Recognition: All target words, first errors, and new words in random order “Is this a target word, a word you provided as a guess, or a new word?” Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging

  35. Cyr & Anderson (2012a): Study 2 Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging

  36. Conceptual Learning “ROSE”? A flower? TULIP TEL “ORCHID”? “VIOLET”? A sport? SOCCER EL EL < TEL Providing the world with innovations in aging

  37. Cyr & Anderson (in progress) • TEST- Conceptual • TEST- Perceptual br____ A flower EL Target? Target? tr____ A fruit TEL Guess 1? Guess 2? Guess 1? Guess 2? Target? Target? Providing the world with innovations in aging

  38. Cyr & Anderson (in progress) n = 16 older adults Providing the world with innovations in aging

  39. Study 4 Cue Constraint • High cloze sentences (EL or TEL) You can’t buy anything for a ______ • Low cloze sentences (EL or TEL) There is something grand about the ______ • Cued Recall • You can’t buy anything for a ______. • There’s something grand about the ______. Providing the world with innovations in aging

  40. Cyr & Anderson (in prep) • 56 younger adults; 56 older adults • Prediction: • “Close” conceptual errors will be less beneficial than “far” conceptual errors. Providing the world with innovations in aging

  41. Cyr & Anderson (in prep) • Younger Adults • Older adults Providing the world with innovations in aging

  42. Cyr & Anderson (2012b): Study 1 “What is the capital of Australia?” Response: “Sidney” Confidence: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Answer: Canberra “What is the last name of the man who invented dynamite?” Response “I don’t know….Jones” Confidence: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Answer: Nobel Hypercorrection effect(Butterfield & Metcalfe, 2001) 21 younger adults 18 older adults Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (in purgatory)

  43. Cyr & Anderson (2012b): Study 1 Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (in purgatory)

  44. Cyr & Anderson (2012b): Study 2 What is the last name of the author who wrote ‘Canterbury Tales’? 1) Austin 2) Shakespeare 3) Chaucer 4) Joyce 5) Dickens How many alternatives did you narrow it down to? 0 1 2 3 4 19 younger adults 17 older adults Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (in purgatory)

  45. Study 5b Hypercorrection Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (in purgatory)

  46. Improving Trial-and-Error Learning • Neuropsychological literature has long embraced errorless learning • Our research turns this viewpoint on its head • conceptualerrors can benefit memory – they can serve as stepping stones towards better learning for older adults • “If a mistake is not a stepping stone, it is a mistake.”Eli Siegel Providing the world with innovations in aging

  47. Outline • Background • Improving errorless learning • Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) • Guild & Anderson (2012) • Improving trial-and-error learning • Cyr & Anderson (2012a) • Cyr & Anderson (2012b) • Cyr & Anderson (a couple in prep) • A Framework of Error Processing in Episodic Memory • Future Directions Providing the world with innovations in aging

  48. Framework of Error Processing Braver et al., 2007 PERCEPTUAL  BR______? “BRIDGE?” WRONG! Proactive control Reactive control CONCEPTUAL  A flower? WRONG! Reactive control Proactive control “ROSE?” Providing the world with innovations in aging

  49. Future Directions • Can conceptual errors confer a mnemonic benefit for people with episodic memory impairment (MCI, mild AD)? • Are these effects specific to episodic learning? Or can errors be beneficial for procedural or spatial learning? • How long do these effects last? • But see… • Evans et al. 2000 • Dunn 2003 • Dunn & Clare 2007 • Kessels 2007 Providing the world with innovations in aging

  50. Thank You! • nanderson@research.baycrest.org VinayKansal NishaKansal JaniceBabins Andrea Maione Laura Stefanik KashfiaAlam Providing the world with innovations in aging

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