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Building Integrity Conference Monterey, California February 27, 2013 Andrew Karlyn, PhD

IDEA/ Mobile Solutions. Using mobile technology to increase transparency and reduce corruption in Afghanistan and elsewhere. Building Integrity Conference Monterey, California February 27, 2013 Andrew Karlyn, PhD Senior Advisor and Team Lead, Mobile Money. Overview.

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Building Integrity Conference Monterey, California February 27, 2013 Andrew Karlyn, PhD

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  1. IDEA/Mobile Solutions Using mobile technology to increase transparency and reduce corruption in Afghanistan and elsewhere Building Integrity Conference Monterey, California February 27, 2013 Andrew Karlyn, PhD Senior Advisor and Team Lead, Mobile Money

  2. Overview • What corruption meansto the average citizen • How to address corruption at the policy & implementation level, • How technology might help in this process, • How Nato and partners may use technology to improve transparency and reduce corruption

  3. Which corruption, big … ?

  4. … or small? Theory – not big corruption that matters, but the petty, quiet corruption What if – move price of bribes downward, by intervening in the market for bribes.

  5. What is corruption and how best to address it? • Public sector corruption key barrier to effective service delivery. • Bureaucrats asking citizens for bribes to perform basic services • Hospital employees stealing medicines • Teachers not showing up for work or leaving early • Corruption is: “an incident where an elected officialor government worker breaks a rule for private gain‟ Banerjee et al. (2011)

  6. Two anti-corruption strategies offer promising effectiveness • Monitoring with Incentives • Monetary • Non-monetary Uganda health system scorecards (Bjorkman and Svennsen, 2007); Teacher absenteeism monitoring (Duflo, et al, 2010) • Changing the rules of the game • Procurement auctions • Decentralization Mixed results, depends on local capacity and risks associated with local elite capture of resources Decentralization of drinking water in India increased corruption, but overall value lower in rural areas (Asthana, 2010)

  7. MobileSolutions (MS) What role does technology play? Mobile Money accelerates financial inclusion, roots out corruption and unlocks the private sector Mobile Data empowers citizens and improves decision making There are 6 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide Mobile Access: MS catalyzes access to mobile handsets and the uptake of broadband to level the technology playing field

  8. Examples of technology using non-financial incentives Improves data management Improves decision making by identifying trends across projects, sectors and countries Empowers citizens by facilitating feedback loops

  9. What are the different kinds of electronic payments? Electronic funds transfer Mobile Money Cloud Payments Card Payments

  10. Laying the groundwork for mobile money in Afghanistan The areas shaded red are the population covered by the existing mobile network. The circles represent the main concentrations of the approximately 266 brick-and-mortar bank outlets, which are limited almost exclusively to urban areas.

  11. How does mobile money work in Afghanistan? Mobile Money Service Provider Bank Accounts (Pooled funds from all clients in at least four banks to diversify risk) - Agent bank account linked to Mobile Money Service Provider for cash and commission transfer Bank Agent account debited 4 + Client account credited Client opens mobile money account via agent 1 Electronic value sent to client’s mobile wallet (salary, family) Agent 2 Client Cash out from agent to client 3

  12. How has mobile money evolved in Afghanistan? Enabling Environment: • Mobile Banking Sector Expansion Action Plan and Sector Financial Model distributed to key stakeholders. • DAB drafted Electronic Money Institution (EMI) regulations, and adopted in late 2009 • 2010, first EMI License awarded to Roshan’s M-Paisa service FAIDA - Financial Access for Investing in the Development of Afghanistan: • Providing technical assistance to DAB and mobile • U.S. Military piloted mobile payments to over 1,000 Afghan National Police, demonstrating that government salaries can be delivered on-time,paid in full • TAFA plans integration of electronic Customs payments at Inland Customs Depots. • Etisalat – Registered 100,000 electricity customers in Kabul. Finalizing electronic data link to enable mobile payments Q2 2013 • Roshan / Etisalat / AWCC – Planned teacher salary pilot in Kabul, expected mid-2013

  13. Implications for NATO … locally and Globally • Develop strategies around current corruption challenges, both big and small – anticipate new challenges (Sahel) • Build accountability into every procurement process • Join the Better than Cash Alliance • Help build the evidence base

  14. Thank you! QUESTIONS? COMMENTS? CALL US Mobile Solutions @ USAID PriyaJaisinghani Director, Mobile Solutions, IDEA/MS pjaisinghani@usaid.gov Kathleen McGowan Senior Policy Advisor, OAPA kmcgowan@usaid.gov Andrew Karlyn Team Lead, Mobile Money, IDEA/MS akarlyn@usaid.gov

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