1 / 21

Alternatively Fueled Vehicles

Alternatively Fueled Vehicles. The Pollution Solution?. Outline. Introduction History Types Efficiencies Why Hybrids? Conclusions. Why Change?. Conventional emissions 1/3 of CO2 emissions worldwide In urban areas 40% of ozone 80-90% of CO 50-60% of other toxins. Why Change?.

zelda
Download Presentation

Alternatively Fueled Vehicles

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Alternatively Fueled Vehicles The Pollution Solution?

  2. Outline • Introduction • History • Types • Efficiencies • Why Hybrids? • Conclusions

  3. Why Change? Conventional emissions • 1/3 of CO2 emissions worldwide In urban areas • 40% of ozone • 80-90% of CO • 50-60% of other toxins

  4. Why Change? • A non-renewable resource • ~80 years • Gasoline prices high

  5. Not a New Idea Electric vehicle • First conceived of in mid-1800s • Easier to start, more reliable • Less range, harder to refuel Hybrids • One patented in 1905 • One in Ford museum (~1910)

  6. PNGV • The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles – September 1993 • Government and Industry partnership • Reconcile the automobile with the environment • Ensure long-term competitiveness of the automobile industry • 80mpg car mid-sized sedan

  7. Types: Fuel Cell • Advantages • Less air pollution • Greater efficiency than ICEs • Refillable • Disadvantages • Expensive • Not ready for production (at least two more years testing) Types: Fuel Cell • Convert fuel directly to energy • Proton-exchange fuel cell

  8. Disadvantages Very heavy (batteries) Low acceleration Limited range before recharging Types: Electric Run on rechargeable batteries Advantages • Zero emission • Use regenerative braking • Very quiet ride • 1/10 as polluting as ICEs (total)

  9. EV1– 1999 Model • Two-seater • Battery = 2 gallons of gas • Range ~ 130 miles • 0 to 60 mph in 9 seconds (that’s fast!) • Cost reduction when leased ($34,000 to buy) • 97% fewer emissions total

  10. Hybrids • “…at least one of the energy stores, sources, or converters can deliver electric energy” (Wouk, 1995) • Combine multiple types of energy production/storage units • Flywheels • Ultracapacitors • Hybrid electric

  11. Disadvantages Not 100% emission free Hybrid Electric Vehicle • Combines ICE and EV Advantages • Optimises engine performance • No range problems (engine charges batteries) • 1/8 as polluting as ICEs (total)

  12. Series Vs. Parallel

  13. Series Vs. Parallel Series • Very efficient – long range with small engine & generator • Less powerful Parallel • More powerful (feels like ICE) • Smaller engine and motor – less efficient

  14. Toyota Prius • Combines series and parallel characteristics • $20,450 base price • Seats five • City/Highway mpg: 52/45 (double Camry)

  15. Efficiency Internal Combustion Engines • Average power ~100kW, average used during city driving ~7.5kW • Efficiency of engine depends on load • Engines today – 30-40% thermal efficiency • When idling/low load, 15% efficiency • Fuel evaporates

  16. Efficiency Electric Vehicles • Power generation – 38% • Power transmission – 94% • Charge/discharge of battery – 55% • Total efficiency ~ 55% (based on JSAE review estimate)

  17. Efficiency Hybrid Electric Vehicles • Operate gasoline engine at top efficiency (see figure, next slide) • Charge battery when vehicle is idling • Overall efficiency ~70%

  18. Efficiency of Gasoline Engine

  19. Method of Transportation Energy consumption (kWh/mi) (total) 1975 new car fleet 3.5 1985 new car fleet 1.8 1993 new car fleet 1.7 EV, .295kWh/mi .8 Fuel cell, H2 from NG .7 ULEV-HEV car, 80mpg .5 HEV carpool of four .2 Walking .4 Efficiency: Comparison

  20. Why Hybrids? • Already in development • Battery technology cannot produce results at the moment • Fuel cell technology too expensive • Power of ICE (for same size vehicle)

  21. Conclusions • 80mpg goal of PNGV • Tier II emission standards (.07 gpm NOx, .02 gpm PM) • Safe, average cost mid-sized sedan • Improved technology – fuel cell, batteries

More Related