Download
1 / 59
590 likes | 750 Views
Unit I: Africa. Essential Question: What are the methods of and motivations for exploration and conquest which resulted in increased global interactions, differing patterns of trade, colonization, and conflict among nations? . Africa: Humankind’s Original Birthplace.
E N D
Unit I: Africa Essential Question: What are the methods of and motivations for exploration and conquest which resulted in increased global interactions, differing patterns of trade, colonization, and conflict among nations?
Africa: A Land of Geographic Contrasts • Africa is the 2nd largest continent • Africa is made up of 55 independent nations • Home to over 800 million people • Borders marked out by Europeans. • Africa is the riches in mineral wealth of all places in the world
Three Major Influences on Africa’s Development • Traditional-this is original Africa as it developed without outside interference. There were great African kingdoms. • Islamic –Arab traders will venture into Africa during 690’s-700’s bringing Islam. Today over 200 million people are Muslims. • Western or European-1600’s-1800’s Europeans arrive bringing their Western influence and will dominate Africa.
Some Famous African Cities, States & Empires • Ancient Egypt -Gift of the Nile (2700 BCE) • Nubia (Kush)-Modeled their society after Egyptians • Meroe- Center of trade and ironworking. Produced tools and weapons for the empire. (500 BCE) • Ghana- First to control gold-salt trade • Monomotapan Empire (Southern Africa)-Traded with East Asian Empires a) Great Zimbabwe- means “House of Stone”- Largest city of the Monomatapn Empire and first purely African Civilization. b) Known for its architectural splendor • Axum-Oldest Christian Kingdom in the world. • Songhay- Was the largest empire of Africa
Islamic Africa A mosque is a Muslim house of worship. Followers of Islam are called Muslims. There are Sunni and Shiite Muslims. Muhammad is the prophet and founder of Islam. The holy book of Islam is the Quran or Koran.
Islam Spreads to Africa • In the 7th century, there came the new cry of Islam: "God is Great“ to the African continent. • Islamic Arabs first came through North Africa, spreading Arabic language and Islamic religion. • Islam took hold in North Africa because it validated the importance placed on water as heaven became equated with water. • Islam enforced a discipline on the Africans and gave them a new sense of direction, as they faced East to pray. • Africa has over 200 million Muslims today.
Mali-Great Islamic Empire and learning center/Mansa Musa one of its greatest kings. a) Timbuktu- Wealthy trade city of Mali b) Also had great schools of learning • Swahili Cities of East Africa- of Sofala, Kilwa and Mombasa, traded with Middle East, India and China.
Islamic Crusades in West Africa • By 1800s, an Islamic revival spread across West Africa. • Among the Fulani people in northern Nigeria. • Scholar and preacher UsmandanFodio denounced the corruption of the local Hausa rulers. • Called for social and religious reforms based on the sharia, or Islamic law. • Inspired Fulani herders and Hausa townspeople to rise up against their European rulers.
Islamic Crusades in West Africa • Usman and successors set up a powerful Islamic state in northern Nigeria. • Literacy increased, local wars quieted, and trade improved. • Their successors inspired other Muslims reform movements in West Africa. • Between about 1780 and 1880, more than a dozen Islamic leaders rose to power, replacing old rulers or founding new states in the western Sudan.
Islamic Crusades in West Africa • In the forest regions, strong states like the Asante kingdom had risen. • The Asante traded with Europeans and Muslims and controlled several smaller states. • These tributary states were ready to turn to Europeans or others who might help them defeat their Asante rulers.
East Africa • Islam had long influenced the east coast of Africa, where port cities like Mombasa and Kilwa carried on profitable trade. • The cargoes were often slaves. • Captives were marched from the interior to the coast to be shipped as slaves to the Middle East. • Ivory and copper from Central Africa were also exchanged for goods such as cloth and firearms from India.
Portugal Gains Footholds (452-455) • Portuguese are first Europeans to reach Africa and built small forts along coastal cities of West Africa. • Established trading posts for trade • Left just enough men and firepower to defend their forts • From West Africa sailed around the continent.
Portugal Gains Footholds • Continued to establish forts and trading posts • Attacked existing East African coastal cities such as Mombasa and Malindi, which were hubs of international trade. • With cannons they expelled the Arabs who controlled the East African trade network and took over this thriving commerce for themselves.
Portugal Gains Footholds • Portuguese explorers reached parts of present-day Congo, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, establishing limited trade. • Knew little about Africa’s interior, and lacked accurate maps to help them explore. • By 1600s Portuguese empire declines in Africa
The African Slave Trade Explodes • Europeans began to view slaves as the most important item of African trade, 1500s-1600s • Slavery had existed in Africa, as elsewhere around the world. • Since ancient times Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Persians, Indians, and Aztecs often enslaved defeated foes • The English word slave comes from the large number of Slavs taken from southern Russia to work as unpaid laborers in Roman times.
Europeans Enter the Slave Trade • Portuguese traders joined the profitable slave trade, followed by other European traders. • Europeans bought large numbers of enslaved people to perform labor on their plantations in the Americas and elsewhere. • Rich Europeans also bought slaves as exotic household servants. • By 500s, European participation encouraged a much broader Atlantic slave trade.
European Presence Expands • By 1600s many European powers had established forts along western coast of Africa, • As Portuguese power declined, British, Dutch, and French traders took over their forts. • Unlike the Portuguese, they established permanent footholds throughout the continent.
European Presence Expands • In 1652, Dutch immigrants arrived at the southern tip of the continent. • Built Cape Town, the first permanent European settlement on the African continent. • Supplied ships sailing to or from the East Indies • Dutch farmers, called Boers, settled around Cape Town. • Eventually, they ousted, enslaved, or killed the people who live there and claimed South Africa for themselves.
European Presence Expands • By mid-1600s, British and French had both reached present-day Senegal. • French established a fort in the region around 1700 • Stories about British explorers’ search for the source of the Nile River sparked an interest in Africa among Europeans. • British established the African Association which sponsored explorers to Africa. • Over next century the European exploration of Africa would explode. (pg.455)
The Atlantic Slave Trade (pg. 487-490) • Enslaved Africans formed part of an international trade network that arose during the 1500s. • The Spanish were the first major European partners in the slave trade, buying slaves to labor in Spain’s South American empire. • As other European powers established colonies in the Americas, the slave trade- and with it the entire international trade network- intensified.
Triangular Trade Across the Atlantic • The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three- legged international trade network known as triangular trade. • Triangle-shaped series of Atlantic trade routes linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas. • First leg, merchant ships brought European goods- including guns, cloth, and cash- to Africa. In Africa, the merchants traded these goods for slaves. • Second leg, known as the Middle Passage, the slaves were transported to the Americas. • There, the enslaved Africans were exchanged for sugar, molasses, and other products manufactured at plantations owned by Europeans.
Triangular Trade Across the Atlantic • Third and final leg, merchants carried sugar, molasses, cotton, and other American goods such as furs, salt fish, and rum made from molasses. • Goods shipped to European commodities that merchants needed to return to Africa. • Was immensely profitable for many people. • Money usually outweighed the risks. • Shipbuilding industry in New England grew. • Fishing, raising tobacco, and processing sugar, became hugely successful.
Triangular Trade Across the Atlantic • Thriving trade led to successful port cities cities such as Nantes, France, and Bristol, England, grew prosperous because of triangular trade. • In North America, Salem, Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island, quickly grew into thriving cities. • Even though few slaves were imported directly to the northern cities, the success of the port cities there was made possible by the Atlantic slave trade.
Horrors of the Middle Passage • To merchants, the Middle Passage was just one leg of triangular trade. • For enslaved Africans, the Middle Passage was a horror. • The terrible journey began before the slave ships set sail. • Most Africans were taken from inland villages. • After they were enslaved, they were forced to march to coastal ports. • Men, women, and children were bound with ropes and chains, often to one another, and forced to walk distances as long as a thousand miles. • Forced to carry heavy loads, and often the men’s necks were encircled with thick iron bands.
Horrors of the Middle Passage • Many captives died along the way. • Escapees were often recaptured and brutally punished. • Survivors were restrained in coastal holding pens and warehouses in slave shipping ports such as Elmina, Ghana, or Goree, Senegal. • Held there until European traders arrived by ship. • Once purchased, Africans were packed below the decks of slave ships, usually in chains. • Hundreds of men, women, and children were crammed into a single vessel for voyages that lasted from three weeks to three months. • The ships faced many perils, including storms at sea, raids by pirate ships, and mutinies, or revolts, by the captives.
Horrors of the Middle Passage • Disease was the biggest threats. • Of slaves who died most died of dysentery. • Others died from apparently no disease at all. • Slave ships became “floating coffins” on which up to half the Africans on board died from disease or brutal mistreatment. • Some enslaved Africans resisted, and others tried to seize control of the ship and return to Africa. • Suicide was more common than mutiny. • Many Africans believed that in death they would be returned to their home countries. • Hanged themselves, starved themselves, or leapt overboard.
Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade • Slave trade brought enormous wealth to merchants and traders, provided the labor that helped profitable colonial economies grow. • The impact on Africans was devastating. • African states and societies were torn apart. • The lives of individual Africans were either cut short or forever brutalized. • Number of Africans who were directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade debated.
Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade • In the 1500s, they estimate about 2,000 enslaved Africans were sent to the Americas each year. • In the 1780s, when the slave trade was at its peak, that number approached 80,000 a year. By the mid- 1800s, when the overseas slave trade was finally stopped, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas. • Another 2 million probably died under the brutal conditions of the Middle Passage between Africa and the Americas. (pg.490)
The name given to describe the dividing up of the African continent among the European powers without regard for African independence or diversity was the “scramble for Africa”. • The Berlin Conference 1885 –is where the scramble for Africa took place as European nations carved the continent up amongst themselves. • By 1914- Africa was mostly European dominated. • Liberia & Ethiopia were the only independent nations of Africa by 1914.
Imperialism The Scramble for Africa Motives Driving the New European Imperialism Economic/Money (Industrial Revolution) Political Military Conquest Social Darwinism Racism Religious Spread Christianity continued . . .
Mercantilism An economic system of 18th century Europe of increasing a nation's wealth by strict government regulation of all of the nation's money interests home and abroad. A country tried to become wealthy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports. (Pumping money in and not letting money out)
Forms of Colonial Control • Colony- Country is governed internally by a foreign power. • Protectorate- Country is allowed to govern itself but under control of an outside power. • Sphere of influence- Outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges. • Economic imperialism- Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interest rather than by other governments.
African Independence • Young educated Africans led independence movements • Independence movements began between World War I and World War II • Most nations gain independence during 1960s. • Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana became the first Black African president of an African nation in the (1960s) • Two African nations gained their independence late were Namibia in 1990 and Eritrea in 1993. • Sudan was broken into separate countries of North and South in 2011.
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972), leading African nationalist and the first president of Ghana. Born in what was then the Gold Coast, Nkrumah studied abroad and then returned to West Africa, where he led the drive to achieve independence from British rule. He became prime minister, and later president, of Ghana when it became the first Sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence in 1957. He was overthrown in an army coup in 1966 and spent the rest of his life in exile. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972).
South Africa When did most African nations gain Independence?
Can you name these three leaders ? South Africa Jacob Zuma Jacob Zuma Steve Biko Nelson Mandela St
Early Years The earliest inhabitants of South Africa include: • The San were hunters and gatherers/ 6000 BCE • The next group to occupy South Africa were the Khoikhoi who were nomadic herders • The last group were Bantus who were known for making iron tools and weapons
The Europeans • The Cape Colony was the first European colony established in South Africa by the Dutch East India Company in 1652 • The Boers were Dutch farmers who came to South Africa with the Dutch East India Company who would later call themselves Afrikaners after settling in the Cape. • After a while the Boers will enslave the South Africans of the Cape. • The Dutch lose control of the Cape Colony after the British arrive in 1806 and the British will also abolish slavery. • By 1836, the Boers decided to migrate north into the interior of South Africa to escape British domination and to protect their culture. This migration was called the Great Trek. • Eventually they arrive in their new location and the Boers will create the Transvaal & Orange Free State Republics by 1850s.
Diamonds, Gold and War • Diamonds are discovered in the Transvaal controlled by the Boers in 1879 • Gold is discovered seven years later also in the Transvaal in 1886 making this area a prized possession • The British, anxious to get a piece of the action start a war with the Boers which became known as the Anglo-Boer War in 1899-1902.( sometimes called the “Boer War” • The War was devastating to the Boer as they were treated very harshly by the British. Many Boers were put into concentration camps by the British. • The British win the Boer War and in the aftermath create the Union of South Africa by consolidating the Cape Colony, Transvaal and Orange Free State under the British Empire • The British will allow limited self-rule of the Union of South Africa by the Boers or Afrikaners as they now called themselves.
History of Apartheid • Apartheid- the official government policy of separate development between blacks and whites in South Africa from 1948-1992. • Afrikaners believed in the superiority of white race • 1910 Constitution was the first written constitution of South Africa under British rule • African National Congress was established in 1912 to improved conditions of life for Blacks in South Africa. • Apartheid became the official government policy in 1948 under Afrikaner rule
