Introduction to MAGNETS

1. JUAS February 17th 2014 Introduction to MAGNETS DavideTommasini

2. You know how to use a magneticfield You willlearn how to produce a magneticfield

3. The magnet week

4. ElectromagnetismStephan Russenschuck Studying the structure of Maxwell’s equations yields a deeper understanding of the concepts in magnet design and raises awareness of their limitations. Course outline: The global and local forms of Maxwell’s equations, magnetic circuits The solution of boundary value problems The generation of harmonic fields Integral quantities of fields; magnetization, energy and inductance

5. Normal-conducting accelerator magnetsThomas Zickler Main goal is to: • create a fundamental understanding in accelerator magnet technology • provide a guide book with practical instructions how to start with the design of a standard accelerator magnet • focus on applied design aspects using ‘real’ examples • introduce finite element codes for practical magnet design • present practical aspect of magnet construction, testing and measurements supported by examples of recently built magnets 3D-field homogeneity

6. Superconducting Accelerator Magnets Martin Wilson 1) Introduction to Superconductors:critical field, temperature & current, superconductors for magnets, manufacture of superconducting wires, high temperature superconductors HTS. 2) Magnetization, Cables & AC losses: superconductors in changing magnetic fields, filamentary superconductors and magnetization, coupling between filaments in wires, why cables, coupling in cables, AC losses in changing fields.3) Magnets, ‘Training’ & Fine Filaments: coil shapes for solenoids, dipoles & quadrupoles, engineering current density & load lines, degradation & training, minimum quench energy, critical state model & fine filaments. 4) Quenching and Cryogenics: the quench process, resistance growth, current decay, temperature rise, quench protection schemes, cryogenic fluids, refrigeration, cryostat design5) Practical Matters: LHC quench protection, current leads, accelerator magnet manufacture, some superconducting accelerators.

7. Mini-workshop on normal conducting magnetsCoordinated by Thomas Zickler • Goal: outline design of a normal conducting magnet • Apply the theory explained during lectures to a practical case • Solve a case study using the tools provided during the presentations • Understand physics and reasoning behind design options • Provide a short report of the results (credit points)

8. Mini-workshop on superconducting magnets Mini-workshop on superconducting magnetsCoordinated by Paolo Ferracin • Goal: outline design of a super-conducting magnet • Apply the theory explained during lectures to a practical case • Solve a case study using the tools provided during the presentations • Understand physics and reasoning behind design options • Provide a short report of the results (credit points) Superconducting material Superconducting cable Superconducting coil Superconducting magnet Superconducting strand

9. Example 1 • youneed a bendingfieldintegral of 2.5 Tm over • How bigis the magnet (cross section, length, weight)? • How muchdoesitcost? • What do youneed to operateit? • Nothing? • Water? • Oil? • Electricity? • Other? • How do you manufacture it? • How do you check thatitworkswell?

10. Example 1I • youneed a bendingfieldintegral of 2.5 25 Tm over • How bigis the magnet (cross section, length, weight)? • How muchdoesitcost? • What do youneed to operateit? • Nothing? • Water? • Oil? • Electricity? • Other? • How do you manufacture it? • How do you check thatitworkswell?

11. I I B Field range up to 2 T

12. Field range up to 4 T Above 2 T the magnet is no longer iron dominated, but can be “iron helped” A Kovalenko

13. Field range from 4 to 7 T 76.2 mm aperture, 4 T 75 mm aperture, 4.7 – 5.5 T TEVATRON The first successful use of sc magnets in a machine Commissioned in 1983, running today at 980 GeV HERA The first massive industrialization. Commissioned in 1989 at 800 GeV, 920 GeV today

14. Up to 9T

19. Basic Principles

20. Generation of a Magnetic Field originated by electrical charges when they produce an electrical current or a variation of electrical field over time not only transport and orbital but also spin

21. Magneto-motive force Basic principles : electric circuit iron core coil magnetic field air gap current NI = R x  Little magnetomotive force in the iron Iron is the highway of magnetic field V = R x I Little voltage drop across the wires Wires are the highways of electricity

22. Inductance Basic principles : inductance • The inductance is the equivalent of the inertia. • A large inertia (I)/inductance (L) means you need: • a large force to suddenly increase the speed • a large voltage to suddenly increase the current/field • you can store energy in a wheel rotating at speed  • you can store energy in a coil supplied by a current i When the magnetic field has to be quickly changed you want to keep the inductance low, typically by reducing the number of coil turns.

23. FLUX Source: http://smsc.cnes.fr/OVH/ speed=flow/section field=flux/section

26. Accelerator magnets • operation mode • physical constraints (space, transport, weight ...) • strength • good field region (may depend on working point) • field quality at the different working conditions • physical aperture • power supply • cooling • radiation • alignment • reliability • protection • do consider the global picture 1959

27. Thanks