Traveler s quotes In a Parisian hotel Please leave your values at the front desk Mark Twain Travel is fatal

2. One of the rules set by the ICBN (international code of botanical nomenclature) is that every species name must be a binomial. The consistent use of binomials traces back to Linnaeus� publication of Species plantarum in 1753. One of the rules set by the ICBN (international code of botanical nomenclature) is that every species name must be a binomial. The consistent use of binomials traces back to Linnaeus� publication of Species plantarum in 1753.

3. Judd et al pgs 512-513 common used specific epithets.Judd et al pgs 512-513 common used specific epithets.

4. Both genera and species can also be named after people (and therefore any higher level taxon can reflect the name). Here are several examples of genera named after people. Clayton was one of the earliest collectors in Virginia, Kalm was The name Sequoiadendron commemorates the Cherokee Sequoyah from Georgia (1770-1843), who invented the Cherokee alphabet; his name was used for the genus Sequoia, in which this tree was included. When it was decided to move it to its own genus, a new name was created by the addition of the suffix dendron, from the Greek for tree. Pehr Kalm (March 6, 1716 - November 16, 1779) (in Finland also known as Pietari Kalm and in some English-language translations as Peter Kalm) was a Swedish-Finnish explorer, botanist, naturalist, and agricultural economist. He was one of Carolus Linnaeus's most important students. Among his many accomplishments, Kalm can be credited for the first description of the Niagara Falls, written by someone trained as a scientist. Kalm was born in �ngermanland, Sweden, where his parents had taken refuge from Finland during the Great Northern War. His father died six weeks after his birth. When the hostilities were over, his widowed mother returned with him to N�rpes in Ostrobothnia, Finland, where Kalm's father had been a Lutheran minister. Kalm studied at the Academy of Turku from 1735, and from 1740 at the University of Uppsala, where he met the renowned naturalist Carolus Linnaeus and became one of his first students. In Uppsala Kalm became the superintendent of an experimental plantation owned by his patron, Baron Sten Karl Bielke. Kalm did field research in Sweden, Russia and Ukraine from 1742 to 1746, when he was appointed Docent of Natural History and Economics at the �bo Academy. In 1747 the Academy elevated him to Professor of Economics, and the same year he was also appointed by Linneaus and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to travel to North America, to find seeds and plants that might prove useful for agriculture or industry. In particular, they wanted him to bring back the red mulberry, Morus rubra, in the hope of starting a silk industry in Finland (which then was an integral part of Sweden, a.k.a. Sweden-Finland). On his journey from Sweden to Philadelphia, Kalm spent six months in England, where he met many of the important botanists of the day. Kalm arrived in Pennsylvania in 1748; there he was befriended by Benjamin Franklin and John Bartram. Kalm made the Swedish-Finnish community of Raccoon ( now Swedesboro) in southern New Jersey his base of operations. There he served as the substitute pastor of the local church, and there he married the widow of the former pastor in 1750. He made trips as far west as Niagara Falls and as far north as Montreal and Quebec, before returning in 1751. After his return to Finland to take his post as Professor at Turku Academy, he established botanical gardens in Turku/�bo, and taught there until his death in 1771. Kalm's journal of his travels was published as En Resa til Norra America (Stockholm, 1753�1761). It was translated into German, Dutch, French, and into English in 1770 as Travels into North America. Another American edition was translated by Adolph B. Benson and published in 1937; it is an important standard reference regarding life in colonial North America. Kalm described not only the flora and fauna of the new world, but the lives of the native Americans and the British and French colonists whom he met. In his Species Plantarum, Linnaeus cites Kalm for 90 species, 60 of them new, including the genus Kalmia, which Linnaeus named after Kalm. Kalmia latifolia (Mountain-laurel) is the state flower of Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Generally, naming taxa after people is done out of respect. However, this is not always the case. An example being dung beetles named after individuals that the taxon authors disliked. Both genera and species can also be named after people (and therefore any higher level taxon can reflect the name). Here are several examples of genera named after people. Clayton was one of the earliest collectors in Virginia, Kalm was The name Sequoiadendron commemorates the Cherokee Sequoyah from Georgia (1770-1843), who invented the Cherokee alphabet; his name was used for the genus Sequoia, in which this tree was included. When it was decided to move it to its own genus, a new name was created by the addition of the suffix dendron, from the Greek for tree. Pehr Kalm (March 6, 1716 - November 16, 1779) (in Finland also known as Pietari Kalm and in some English-language translations as Peter Kalm) was a Swedish-Finnish explorer, botanist, naturalist, and agricultural economist. He was one of Carolus Linnaeus's most important students. Among his many accomplishments, Kalm can be credited for the first description of the Niagara Falls, written by someone trained as a scientist. Kalm was born in �ngermanland, Sweden, where his parents had taken refuge from Finland during the Great Northern War. His father died six weeks after his birth. When the hostilities were over, his widowed mother returned with him to N�rpes in Ostrobothnia, Finland, where Kalm's father had been a Lutheran minister. Kalm studied at the Academy of Turku from 1735, and from 1740 at the University of Uppsala, where he met the renowned naturalist Carolus Linnaeus and became one of his first students. In Uppsala Kalm became the superintendent of an experimental plantation owned by his patron, Baron Sten Karl Bielke. Kalm did field research in Sweden, Russia and Ukraine from 1742 to 1746, when he was appointed Docent of Natural History and Economics at the �bo Academy. In 1747 the Academy elevated him to Professor of Economics, and the same year he was also appointed by Linneaus and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to travel to North America, to find seeds and plants that might prove useful for agriculture or industry. In particular, they wanted him to bring back the red mulberry, Morus rubra, in the hope of starting a silk industry in Finland (which then was an integral part of Sweden, a.k.a. Sweden-Finland). On his journey from Sweden to Philadelphia, Kalm spent six months in England, where he met many of the important botanists of the day. Kalm arrived in Pennsylvania in 1748; there he was befriended by Benjamin Franklin and John Bartram. Kalm made the Swedish-Finnish community of Raccoon ( now Swedesboro) in southern New Jersey his base of operations. There he served as the substitute pastor of the local church, and there he married the widow of the former pastor in 1750. He made trips as far west as Niagara Falls and as far north as Montreal and Quebec, before returning in 1751. After his return to Finland to take his post as Professor at Turku Academy, he established botanical gardens in Turku/�bo, and taught there until his death in 1771. Kalm's journal of his travels was published as En Resa til Norra America (Stockholm, 1753�1761). It was translated into German, Dutch, French, and into English in 1770 as Travels into North America. Another American edition was translated by Adolph B. Benson and published in 1937; it is an important standard reference regarding life in colonial North America. Kalm described not only the flora and fauna of the new world, but the lives of the native Americans and the British and French colonists whom he met. In his Species Plantarum, Linnaeus cites Kalm for 90 species, 60 of them new, including the genus Kalmia, which Linnaeus named after Kalm. Kalmia latifolia (Mountain-laurel) is the state flower of Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Generally, naming taxa after people is done out of respect. However, this is not always the case. An example being dung beetles named after individuals that the taxon authors disliked.

5. If you see a publication in which binomials are neither underlined or italicized, that�s a good indication that the author doesn�t know what they�re doing, at least with respect to taxonomy. The author�s names are abbreviated using a standard abbreviation formulated by Brummitt. Generally speaking, the older, and more famous the author, the shorter the abbreviation that author will have. All plant systematists know the �L.� means Linnaeus. Note that there are two separate Linnaeus-es here, both with the same name. The older Linnaeus, is the famous one; the other Linnaeus is his son, also known as �Linnaeus fils.� Hence the abbreviation. If you see a publication in which binomials are neither underlined or italicized, that�s a good indication that the author doesn�t know what they�re doing, at least with respect to taxonomy. The author�s names are abbreviated using a standard abbreviation formulated by Brummitt. Generally speaking, the older, and more famous the author, the shorter the abbreviation that author will have. All plant systematists know the �L.� means Linnaeus. Note that there are two separate Linnaeus-es here, both with the same name. The older Linnaeus, is the famous one; the other Linnaeus is his son, also known as �Linnaeus fils.� Hence the abbreviation.

7. Every six years the International Association for Plant Taxonomy meets to revise the code. The reference here is for the �Tokyo Code,� named after the city in which the Botanical Congress took place. The most recent code is the �St. Louis� code. Every six years the International Association for Plant Taxonomy meets to revise the code. The reference here is for the �Tokyo Code,� named after the city in which the Botanical Congress took place. The most recent code is the �St. Louis� code.

8. There are eight families that have conserved names recognized by the ICBN. You�ll note that the conserved family names all have the same �ae� ending, rather than the �aceae� ending required of modern families. These are all readily-identifiable families that have been recognized for at least a few hundred years by plant taxonomists. The main basis for conservation of these names is that they were in wide use when the new endings for family names were formalized and some plant taxonomists at the time just couldn�t bear to see them disappear. As you might infer from this example, believe in sticking to the rules!There are eight families that have conserved names recognized by the ICBN. You�ll note that the conserved family names all have the same �ae� ending, rather than the �aceae� ending required of modern families. These are all readily-identifiable families that have been recognized for at least a few hundred years by plant taxonomists. The main basis for conservation of these names is that they were in wide use when the new endings for family names were formalized and some plant taxonomists at the time just couldn�t bear to see them disappear. As you might infer from this example, believe in sticking to the rules!

9. There are six principles of the ICBN. All six of these are discussed in the textbook, so you need not worry about taking everything down right now. We�ll briefly cover each of these six principles in the next few slides. There are six principles of the ICBN. All six of these are discussed in the textbook, so you need not worry about taking everything down right now. We�ll briefly cover each of these six principles in the next few slides.

10. Because of an historical artifact, the botanical code does not just apply to plants� This is based on the same reason that mycologists are often in botany departments. Because of an historical artifact, the botanical code does not just apply to plants� This is based on the same reason that mycologists are often in botany departments.

11. There are about 8 different types of �types�. I only ask that you know holotypes and isotypes. Isotypes are important in case of damage or destruction of the holotype. An excellent example is the Berlin herbarium, which was the repository for thousands of types. Unfortunately, it was bombed and almost completely destroyed in World War 2. [CITE HOW BERLIN ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS SURVIVED BY DISTRIBUTING DRAWERS TO CIVILIANS] Another type of type is the cleptotype. Harvard has thousands of cleptotypes� The importance of types is in cases of disagreements regarding species delimitation. For instance, it may turn out that a previously recognized species actually represents two separate species. The type specimen is then necessary to determine which of the two species to apply the original name to.There are about 8 different types of �types�. I only ask that you know holotypes and isotypes. Isotypes are important in case of damage or destruction of the holotype. An excellent example is the Berlin herbarium, which was the repository for thousands of types. Unfortunately, it was bombed and almost completely destroyed in World War 2. [CITE HOW BERLIN ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS SURVIVED BY DISTRIBUTING DRAWERS TO CIVILIANS] Another type of type is the cleptotype. Harvard has thousands of cleptotypes� The importance of types is in cases of disagreements regarding species delimitation. For instance, it may turn out that a previously recognized species actually represents two separate species. The type specimen is then necessary to determine which of the two species to apply the original name to.

13. Example of a Type Specimen Robbrechtia milleri De Block � A new species from the Rubiaceae described in 2003 by De Block. The type of the species is linked to a collection made by Miller and Lowry (#4117) which is deposited in the herbarium at the Missouri Botanical Garden.

14. Types are used more than just at the species level. As you can see here, the type of an order traces all the way back to a single specimen. This is also why you see modified genus names used all the way up to order, and sometimes even beyond, as shown in this example. Types are used more than just at the species level. As you can see here, the type of an order traces all the way back to a single specimen. This is also why you see modified genus names used all the way up to order, and sometimes even beyond, as shown in this example.

15. You see that the name Chamaesyce selloi traces back to 1859. Synonyms for this species were later names applied in 1902 and 1937. Names are conserved when they become so widely used that the benefit of maintaining priority of publication is outweighed by the nomenclatural disruption it would cause. Of course, the most common groups for conserved names are in economically-important taxa. You see that the name Chamaesyce selloi traces back to 1859. Synonyms for this species were later names applied in 1902 and 1937. Names are conserved when they become so widely used that the benefit of maintaining priority of publication is outweighed by the nomenclatural disruption it would cause. Of course, the most common groups for conserved names are in economically-important taxa.

16. Latin was formally the universal language, at least among European academics. Now, almost no one understands Latin, but most scientists understand English, which is effectively the scientific language.. There is a push underfoot that will eliminate the need to provide a Latin description or diagnosis, and simply publish an English one instead. Having said that, Latin is a comparative blessing relative to people publishing in their chosen language. I would much rather deal with Latin than Portugese, Arabic, or Chinese, for example. You�ll note that to validly publish a species, there is no mention of publishing in a peer-reviewed journal or book. This is an unfortunate loophole that many enthusiasts, who don�t really know what they�re doing and/or who simply want to attach their name to species, take advantage of. To help obviate this problem, one can appeal to the IAPT to have publications disregarded. Latin was formally the universal language, at least among European academics. Now, almost no one understands Latin, but most scientists understand English, which is effectively the scientific language.. There is a push underfoot that will eliminate the need to provide a Latin description or diagnosis, and simply publish an English one instead. Having said that, Latin is a comparative blessing relative to people publishing in their chosen language. I would much rather deal with Latin than Portugese, Arabic, or Chinese, for example. You�ll note that to validly publish a species, there is no mention of publishing in a peer-reviewed journal or book. This is an unfortunate loophole that many enthusiasts, who don�t really know what they�re doing and/or who simply want to attach their name to species, take advantage of. To help obviate this problem, one can appeal to the IAPT to have publications disregarded.

17. What? � The Herbarium A museum collection that houses preserved plant material � they hold vast quantities of more or less raw data. Pressed and Dried Alcohol preserved Wood collections Seed collections (seed banks) Tasks � Accessioning new collections Loans Identification Education Research� of many sorts Disseminating information

18. Why bother? Vouchering - Type specimens and specimens in general Vegetation information Ethnobiology Ecology Archaeology �

19. Newer Areas Biodiversity measures DNA banks Seed banks (Millenium Seed Bank - Kew) Forensics Drug development Genetic engineering and evolution/development (vouchering)� you�d think this might be important?

20. Where? Large and small institutions Universities Private institutions Governmental

21. Some of the Big Guns� New York Botanical Garden Bronyx 6.5 Million Specimens Type collection data base Flora Neotropica�

22. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (England) 6 million specimens Huge Legume and Palm Collections Focused research on Legumes, Palms, Flora of Madagascar, Tropical East Africa, � Millennium Seed Bank�

23. Harvard University Herbarium The Home of Asa Gray (1842�) and many more. 5 million specimens

24. Missouri Botanical Garden One of the most active collections programs! 5+ million specimens You name the area and they probably have a project going on� Big funding from Monsanto

25. � and one smaller University of Oxford Est. 1621 The oldest herbarium in England Embroiled in a custody dispute with Australia over the Dampier collections (1697-98). William Dampier visited to Australia Australia wants the collections back! Cook and Banks didn�t get to Australia until 1770!Cook and Banks didn�t get to Australia until 1770!