INTERNET OF THINGS

1. INTERNET OF THINGS Cross 11, Tapovan Enclave Nalapani Road, Dehradun 248001 Email: info@iskd.inContact : +918979066357, +919027669947

2. INDEX Sr No Topic 1 Introduction 2 Internet of Thing (IoT) Working 3 Features of IoT 4 Advantages of IoT 5 Disadvantages of IoT 6 Embedded Devices (System) in (IoT) 7 IoT Ecosystem 8 IoT Decision Framework 9 IoT Characteristics 10 IoT Architecture 11 IoT Development Tool 12 Technology Behind IoT 13 IoT Protocols

3. Internet of Things (IoT) Introduction Connecting everyday things embedded with electronics, software, and sensors to internet enabling to collect and exchange data without human interaction called as the Internet of Things (IoT).

4. IoTis an advanced automation and analytics system which deals with artificial intelligence, sensor, networking, electronic, cloud messaging etc. to deliver complete systems for the product or services. The system created by IoT has greater transparency, control, and performance . IoTis an advanced automation and analytics system which deals with artificial intelligence, sensor, networking, electronic, cloud messaging etc. to deliver complete systems for the product or services. The system created by IoT has greater transparency, control, and performance . As we have a platform such as a cloud that contains all the data through which we connect all the things around us. For example, a house, where we can connect our home appliances such as air conditioner, light, etc. through each other and all these things are managed at the same platform. Since we have a platform, we can connect our car, track its fuel meter, speed level, and also track the location of the car.

5. Internet of Thing (IoT) Working The entire working process of IoT starts with the device themselves, such as smart phones, digital watches, electronic appliances, which securely communicate with the IoT platform. The platforms collect and analyze the data from all multiple devices and platforms and transfer the most valuable data with applications to devices. The most important features of IoT are listed below: • Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all the things of IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud. • Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time analyzing the data collected and use them to build effective business intelligence. • Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user experience as well.

6. Artificial Intelligence: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of data. • Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any change in the environment and report on their status. • Active Engagement: IoT makes the connected technology, product, or services to active engagement between each other. • Endpoint Management: It is important to be the endpoint management of all the IoT system otherwise, it makes the complete failure of the system

7. Advantages of IoT • Efficient resource utilization • Minimize human effort • Save time • Enhance Data Collection • Improve security

8. Disadvantages of IoT • Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected and communicate over networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. • Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the IoT system provides substantial personal data in maximum detail. • Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the large technology to IoT system is quite complicated.

9. Embedded Devices (System) in (IoT) An embedded device system generally runs as a single application However, these devices can connect through the internet connection , and able communicate through other network devices.

10. Embedded System Hardware • The embedded system can be of type microcontroller or type microprocessor. Both of these types contain an integrated circuit (IC).

11. Embedded System Software The embedded system software can be as simple as lighting controls running using an 8-bit microcontroller. It can also be complicated software for missiles, process control systems, airplanes etc. Manufacturers build embedded software in electronics, e.g., cars, telephones, modems, appliances, etc.

12. IoT Ecosystem • The IoT ecosystem is a connection of various kind of devices that sense and analyze the data and communicates with each other over the networks . In the IoT ecosystem, the user uses smart devices such as smart phones, tablet, sensors, etc. to send the command or request to devices for information over the networks. The IoT is itself an ecosystem of network devices that transfer the data. It is also well interconnected with Big Data and Cloud Computing. • The IoT ecosystem senses its surrounding like temperature, gyroscope, pressure, etc. and make the embedded processing using devices. These devices are connected through any type of devices such as GPS, WiFi, RFID, etc. over the networks.

13. IoT Decision Framework • The IoT decision framework is all about the strategic decision making. The IoT Decision Framework helps us to understand the areas where we need to make decisions and ensures consistency across all of our strategic business decision, technical and more. Five different layers of complexity of technology. • Device Hardware • Device Software • Communications • Cloud Platform • Cloud Application

14. INTERNET OF THINGS=Physical Object+ Controller, Sensor and Actuators+ Internet IoT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: • Gather+ Enrich+ Stream+ Manage+ Acquire+ Organise and Analyse= Internet of things with connectivity to data centre , entferpriseor cloud server • Internet of Things with connectivity to cloud services=Gather+ Consolidate + Connect +Assemble + Manage and Analyse

17. IoTCharacteristics

18. Technology Behind IoT • HARDWARE : Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Intel Galileo, Intel Edison, ARM mBed, Bosch XDK110, Beagle Bone Black and Wireless SoC • Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Developing Device Software, Firmware and APIs • Protocols: RPBeeL, CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP(Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol • Communication: Power line Ethernet, RFID, NFC, 6Low PAN,UWB, ZigBee , Bluetooth,WiFI, Wi MAX, 2G/3G/4G • Network Backbone : IPv4,IPv6,UDP and 6Low PAN • Software : RIOT OS, Contiki OS, Thing square Mist firmware, Eclipse IoT • Internetwork, Cloud Platforms/Data Centre(Sence,ThingWorx,Nimbits, Xively, OpenHAB, AWS IoT,IBM Blue Mix, CISCO IoT , IOx and Fog, EveryThng,Azure,TCS CUP) • Machine Learning algorithm and Software: GROK form Numenta Inc. • Server-end-Technology

19. 5 Level behind an IoT system: • Device Platform consisting of device hardware and software using a microcontroller • Server and web programming enabling web applications and web services • Cloud platform enabling storage, computing prototype and product development platforms • Online transactions processing , online analytics processing , data analytics, predictive analytics and knowledge discovery enabling wider application of an IoT systems

20. IoT Development Tools 1. Arduino Arduinois an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. It is both a hardware specification for interactive electronics and a set of software that includes an IDE and the Arduino programming language. 2. Eclipse IoT Project Eclipse is sponsoring several different projects surrounding IoT. They include application frameworks and services; open source implementations of IoT protocols and tools for working with Lua, which Eclipse is promoting as an ideal IoT programming language. 3. Kinoma Kinoma, a Marvell Semiconductor hardware prototyping platform encompasses three different open source projects

21. 4. M2MLabs Mainspring M2MLabs Mainspring is an open source application framework for building machine to machine (M2M) applications such as remote monitoring, fleet management or smart grid.Its capabilities include flexible modeling of devices, device configuration, communication between devices and applications, validation and normalization of data, long-term data storage, and data retrieval functions.   5. Node-RED A visual tool for wiring the Internet of Things i.e wiring together hardware devices, It allows developers to connect devices, services and APIs together using a browser-based flow editor. It can run on Raspberry Pi

22. Hardware 6. ArduinoYún Arduinois an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. 7. BeagleBoard BeagleBoardoffers credit-card sized computers that can run Android and Linux. Because they have very low power requirements, they're a good option for IoT devices.   8. Flutter Flutter is a programmable processor core for electronics projects, designed for hobbysits , students, and engineers. 9. LightBlue Bean Punch Through The LightBlue Bean is a low energy Bluetooth Arduino microcontroller. Using Bluetooth 4.0, it is programmed wirelessly, runs on a coin cell battery, and is perfect for smartphone controlled projects.

23. 10. Microduino Microduinopresents the world’s smallest series of Arduino-compatible smart modules that are small, flexible, stackable and powerful. 11. OpenPicus OpenPicusis an Italian hardware company who designs and produce Internet of Things system on modules called Flyport.itsproducts can be used to create closed source commercial products. 12. Pinoccio Arduino-compatible Pinnoccio boards connect to each other in a low-power mesh network. They include a built-in rechargeable battery that can connect to solar panels or any USB power supply. 13. RasWIK RasWIK is short for the Raspberry Pi Wireless Inventors Kit. It allows anyone with a Raspberry Pi to experiment with building their own Wi-Fi-connected devices. also offers a "Made by UDOOers" section where people can show off their creations.

24. 14. SODAQ Short for "Solar-Powered Data Acquistion," SADAQ offers Arduino-compatible boards with Lego-like plug-in modules And the solar panel makes it a good choice for logging environmental data in various locations where power and Internet connections might not be available. 15. Tessel Tessel aims to make hardware development easier for software developers with this JavaScript-enabled microcontroller that plugs into any USB port. You can also connect it to additional modules to add accelerometer, ambient light and sound, camera, Bluetooth, GPS and/or nine other capabilities. 16. UDOO It boasts that it is four times as powerful as a Raspberry Pi. Multiple tutorials and projects are available on the website, and it

25. Home Automation Software 17. OpenHAB OpenHABlets the smart devices you already have in your home talk to one another 18. The Thing System This project includes both software components and network protocols. It promises to find all the Internet-connected things in your house and bring them together so that you can control Them. Middleware 19. IoTSyS This IoT middleware provides a communication stack for smart devices. It supports multiple standards and protocols, including IPv6, oBIX, 6LoWPAN, Constrained Application Protocol and Efficient XML Interchange. 20. OpenIoT It is "an open source middleware for getting information from sensor clouds, without worrying what exact sensors are used." It aims to enable cloud-based "sensing as a service," and has developed use cases for smart agriculture, intelligent manufacturing.

26. Operating Systems 21. AllJoyn This open source operating system for the Internet of Things is now sponsored by one of the most prominent IoT organizations It includes a framework and a set of services that will allow manufacturers to create compatible devices. It's cross-platform with APIs available for Android, iOS, OS X, Linux and Windows 7. 22. Contiki Contiki describes itself as "the open source OS for the Internet of Things." It connects low-power microcontrollers to the internet and supports standards like IPv6, 6lowpan, RPL and CoAP. Other key features include highly efficient memory allocation, full IP networking, very low power consumption,

27. 23. Raspbian Raspbianis a popular Raspberry Pi operating system that is based on the Debian distribution of Linux. 24. RIOT It supports multiple architectures, including MSP430, ARM7, Cortex-M0, Cortex-M3, Cortex-M4, and standard x86 PCs. 25. Spark Spark is a distributed, cloud-based IoT operating system.supportfor multiple languages, and libraries for working with many different IoT devices. It has a very active user community, and a lot of documentation and online help are available. 26. Freeboard Freeboard aims to let users create their own dashboards for monitoring IoT deployments.

28. 27. Exciting Printer Exciting offers an open source kit for experimenting with IoT printing. It makes it possible to build your own small printer and use that printer to print out information obtained from various IoT devices. Platforms and Integration Tools 28. DeviceHive This project offers a machine-to-machine (M2M) communication framework for connecting devices to the Internet of Things. It includes easy-to-use Web-based management software for creating networks, applying security rules and monitoring devices 29. Devicehub.net It's a cloud-based service that stores IoT-related data, provides visualizations of that data and allows users to control IoT devices from a Web page.

29. 30. IoT Toolkit The group behind this project is working on a variety of tools for integrating multiple IoT-related sensor networks and protocols. The primary project is a Smart Object API, but the group is also working on an HTTP-to-CoAP Semantic mappin , an application framework with embedded software agents and more. 31. Mango Web-based, it supports multiple platforms. Key features include support for multiple protocols and databases, meta points, user-defined events, import/export and more.

30. 32. Nimbits Nimbitscan store and process a specific type of data—data that has been time- or geo-stamped. A public platform as a service is available, or you can download the software and deploy it on Google App Engine. 33. OpenRemote OpenRemoteoffers four different integration tools for home-based hobbyists, integrators, distributors, and manufacturers. It supports dozens of different existing protocols, allowing users to create nearly any kind of smart device they can imagine and control it using any device that supports Java. 34. SiteWhere It provides a system that facilitates the ingestion, storage, processing, and integration of device data. This project provides a complete platform for managing IoT devices, gathering data and integrating that data with external systems.  35. ThingSpeak ThingSpeakcan process HTTP requests and store and process data. The user can create sensor logging applications, location tracking applications, and a social network of things with status updates.

31. IoT Data Link Communication Protocol • The IoT Data Link communication protocol provides service to the Network Layer. There are various protocols and standard technologies specified by the different organization for data link protocols. Bluetooth • Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication network over a radio frequency. Bluetooth is mostly integrated into smartphones and mobile devices. The Bluetooth communication network works within 2.4 ISM band frequencies with data rate up to 3Mbps.

32. There are three categories of Bluetooth technology: • Bluetooth Classic • Bluetooth Low Energy • Bluetooth Smart Ready • The features of Bluetooth 5.0 version is introduced as Bluetooth 5 which have been developed entirely for the Internet of Things. • Properties of Bluetooth network • Standard: Bluetooth 4.2 • Frequency: 2.4GHz • Range: 50-150m • Data transfer rates: 3Mbps • Advantages of Bluetooth network • It is wireless. • It is cheap. • It is easy to install. • It is free to use if the device is installed with it.

33. Disadvantages of Bluetooth network • It is a short-range communication network. • It connects only two devices at a time. Bluetooth Low Energy It is designed for low-power devices which uses less data. BLE always remain in sleep mode except when the connection between devices is initiated and data transmission occurs, due to this it conserves power of the device.

34. Z-Wave Z-Wave is a wireless communication protocol with the frequency of 900MHz. The ranges of Z-Wave lies between 30 meters to 100 meters with the data transfer rate of 100kbps so that it is suitable for small messages in IoT applications for home automation. This communication protocol operates on mesh network architecture with one and several secondary controllers.

35. Properties of Z-Wave protocol • Standard: Z-Wave Alliance ZAD12837 / ITU-T G.9959 • Frequency: 908.42GHz • Range: 30-100m • Data transfer rate: 100kbps • Advantages of Z-Wave protocol • Low power consumption • Remote or local control • Simple installation • Interoperability • Application of Z-Wave protocol • Smart product and IoT based application • Energy saving • Home security

36. Zig Bee Smart Energy • Zig Bee is a low power, low data rate wireless personal area network communication protocol. It is mostly used in home automation and industrial settings. ZigBee uses the following devices in its network • Zigbee Coordinator • Zigbee End Device • Zigbee Router Properties of ZigBee protocol • Standard: ZigBee 3.0 based on IEEE802.15.4 • Frequency: 2.4GHz • Range: 10-100m • Data transfer rate: 250kbps

37. Advantages of ZigBee protocol • Wireless • Mesh networking • Direct communication • Low power consumption Disadvantages of ZigBee protocol • Costly • Works with low speed within a small distance

38. LoRa WAN LoRa WAN refers to Long Rage Wide Area Network which is a wide area network protocol. It is an optimized low-power consumption protocol design to support large-scale public networks with millions of low-power devices. A single operator operates the LoRaWAN. The LoRaWAN network is a bi-directional communication for IoT application with low cost, mobility, and security. Properties of LoRaWAN protocol • Standard: LoRaWAN • Frequency: Various • Range: 2-5km (urban environment), 15km (suburban environment) • Data Rates: 0.3-50 kbps.

39. IoT Network Layer Protocols RPL Protocol • RPL stands for Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Network. It is a distance-vector protocol that supports a varity of Data Link Protocols. This information travels in the network, and complete DODAG is gradually built. When a new node wants to join the network, it sends a DODAG Information Solicitation (DIS) request and root responds back with a DAO Acknowledgment (DAO-ACK) confirming the join. CORPL Protocol This network protocol is designed for cognitive networks and uses DODAG topology. CORPL protocol makes two new modifications in the RPL protocol. It uses opportunistic forwarding to forward a packet between the nodes. Each node of CORPL protocol keeps the information of forwarding set rather than parents only maintaining it. Each node updates its changes to its neighbor using DIO messages. On the basis of this updated message, each node frequently updates its neighbor for constant forwarder set. CARP Protocol • CARP (Channel-Aware Routing Protocol) is a distributed routing protocol. It is designed for underwater communication. It has lightweight packets so that it can be used for Internet of Things (IoT). It performs two different functionalities: network initialization and data forwarding.

40. 6LoWPAN The 6LoWPAN protocol refers to IPv6 Low Power Personal Area Network which uses a lightweight IP-based communication to travel over low data rate networks. It has limited processing ability to transfer information wirelessly using an internet protocol. 6LowPAN Security Measure Security is a major issue for 6LowPAN communication Protocol. There are several attacks issues at the security level of 6LoWPAN which aim is to direct destruction of the network. Properties of 6LowPAN protocol • Standard: RFC6282 • Frequency: Used over a variety of other networking media including Bluetooth Smart (2.4GHz) or ZigBee or low-power RF (sub-1GHz) • Range: NA • Data Rates: NA

41. MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is a messaging protocol which was introduced by IBM in 1999. It was initially built for monitoring sensor node and faraway tracking in IoT. Its suits are small, cheap, low-memory and low-power devices. MQTT provides embedded connectivity between applications and middleware in one side and another side it connects networks and communicators.

42. SMQTT (Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport) SMQTT (Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is an extension of MQTT protocol which uses encryption based on lightweight attribute encryption. The main advantage of this encryption is that it has a broadcast encryption feature. The process of message transfer and receiving consists of four major stages: • Setup- In this phase, the publishers and subscribers register themselves to the broker and get a secret master key. • Encryption-When the data is published to broker, it is encrypted by broker. • Publish- The broker publishes the encrypted message to the subscribers. • Decryption- Finally the received message is decrypted by subscribers with the same master key.

43. CoAP CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is a session layer protocol that provides the RESTful (HTTP) interface between HTTP client and server. It is designed by IETF Constrained RESTful Environment (CoRE) working group. It is designed to use devices on the same constrained network between devices and general nodes on the Internet. CoAP enables low-power sensors to use RESTful services while meeting their low power constraints. This protocol is specially built for IoT systems primarily based on HTTP protocols. • This network is used within the limited network or in a constrained environment. The whole architecture of CoAP consists of CoAP client, CoAP server, REST CoAP proxy, and REST internet.

44. The data is sent from CoAP clients (such as smartphones, RFID sensors, etc.) to the CoAP server and the same message is routed to REST CoAP proxy. The REST CoAP proxy interacts outside the CoAP environment and uploads the data over REST internet.

45. DDS DDS (Data Distribution Service) is a middleware (sometimes called machine-to-machine (M2M)) communication protocol. It is implemented by the Object Management Group (OMG) standard for the real-time system with high speed and high-performance, scalable, dependable, and interoperable data exchange. This communication protocol is based on a publish-subscribe pattern for sending and receiving data, events, and commands among the nodes. • The DDS protocol has two main layers: • Data-Centric Publish-Subscribe (DCPS): This layer delivers the information to subscribers. • Data-Local Reconstruction Layer (DLRL): This layer provides an interface to DCPS functionalities, permitting the sharing of distributed data amongst IoT enabled objects.