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Transformation of the West

Transformation of the West. 1450-1750 Do now: What does trade look like in Unit 4? (1450-1750). Culture and Commerce. The Italian Renaissance: Begins 14th, 15th centuries in northern Italy Italy becomes: Urbanized Merchant class Political rivalry. Culture and Commerce.

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Transformation of the West

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  1. Transformation of the West 1450-1750 Do now: What does trade look like in Unit 4? (1450-1750)

  2. Culture and Commerce The Italian Renaissance:Begins 14th, 15th centuries in northern Italy Italy becomes: • Urbanized • Merchant class • Political rivalry

  3. Culture and Commerce • Petrarch, Boccaccio • Uses Italian language (vernacular-the common language) • Secular (non-religious) topics • Painting upgrade: • Use of perspective • Shadow, distance • Focus on humans, not gods or religious figures

  4. Perspective

  5. Culture and Commerce • The Italian Renaissance • Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel, Statue of David • Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa • Niccolo Machiavelli – “The Prince” *it is better to be feared than loved • Humanism • Looking back to classical past • Study of texts, especially ancient Greek and Roman

  6. Medieval Art

  7. RenaissanceArt

  8. Culture and changes • The Renaissance Moves Northward • Northern Renaissance • France, Low Countries, England, Germany • Then to eastern Europe • More concerned with religious matters

  9. Culture and Changes • Changes in Technology and Family • Technology • Printing Press! • Family • later marriage age common • nuclear family common

  10. Changes and Commerce • The Protestant and Catholic Reformations • 1517, Martin Luther's challenge • Attacks church institutions • Bible the only authority • Vernacular translations • Protestant protest used for political gain • German opposition to the papacy • Rulers seize church lands

  11. Culture and Commerce • Henry VIII • Establishes Anglican church • Jean Calvin • Calvinism • Predestination • Catholic Reformation • Renewal • Jesuits • Missionaries and education

  12. Culture and Commerce • The End of Christian Unity in the West • Religious Wars • France • Calvinists v. Catholics • 1598, Edict of Nantes • Promises Protestants’ toleration • 30 Years War (1618-1648) • Devastating to Germany • Netherlands independent

  13. Culture and Commerce • The Commercial Revolution • Inflation, 16th century • Gold, silver from New World • Demand outstrips supply • Social Protest • Witchcraft hysteria

  14. Science and Politics • Copernicus • Polish monk • Used knowledge of earlier Arab scientists like al-Urdi and al-Tusi • New instruments add to data collection • Galileo Galilei • Uses Copernicus' work • Kepler’s observations confirm earlier work

  15. Science and Politics • Methods • Francis Bacon • Empirical research • René Descartes • Skepticism • Isaac Newton • System of natural laws • Deism • God does not intervene with nature • John Locke • Use of reason

  16. Science and Politics • Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies • 17th century, medieval balance disrupted • France dominates • Centralized monarchy • Bureaucracy • “Absolute monarchy" • Louis XIV the best example • Nobles kept at court

  17. Science and Politics • Other absolute monarchs • Spain, Prussia, Austria-Hungary • Territorial expansion • England • Difference • Civil War • Parliament triumphant

  18. Science and Politics Will lead to nationalism, which causes imperialism, global conflicts… • The Nation-State Definition • Common language, culture • National literature, songs, foods • Territorial aspect • Common allegiance

  19. The West by 1750 • Political Patterns • Great change in central Europe (break up of feudal HRE) • Frederick the Great of Prussia • Religious freedom • State regulates economy • Overseas commercial networks Prussia was a German kingdom that became a nation state (absolutist as well) and was dissolved in 1932. Poland and the Soviet Union absorbed the territory

  20. The West by 1750 • Continual warfare • France v. Britain • Rivalry over overseas territory (Remember the French and Indian War?) • Prussia v. Austria • Territorial conflicts

  21. The West by 1750 • Scientific Revolution leads to Enlightenment • Scientific methods applied to other fields • General principles • People are good • Reason the answer • Belief in progress

  22. The West by 1750 • Political science • Adam Smith • Laissez-faire • Criminology • Society • Women's rights • Protection of children • Attack inequities

  23. The West by 1750 • Mass consumerism – ongoing change in commerce and manufacturing • Agriculture • Advancements in tech – swamp drainage, breeding • Potatoes, etc. introduced • Domestic system • Households produce finished goods • Change becomes the norm

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