Unit 4 Astronomy ： the science of the stars

1. Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars 第一部分 基础模块夯实 Module 3

2. Section I. 课本扫描

6. 一、核心单词 1. system ['sistəm]n.系统；体系；制度 systematic adj有系统的; 有条理的 （1）The solar system includes the sun and its eight planets. 太阳系包括太阳和它的八颗行星。 （2）Alcohol is bad for your system. 喝酒对身体有害。 小练：根据句子的意思完成句子。 (1) The __________ (教育系统) operates very differently in the US and China. (2) He introduced us a well-designed ___________ (铁路系统). （1）educational system （2）railway system

7. 2. lay [lei] vt. 把放下；摆设；铺(地毯) ；产(蛋) (1) He laid his hand on my shoulder. 他把手放在我的肩上。 (2)Who should we lay the blame on? 我们该责备谁? 归纳： lay eggs 下蛋 lay sth. aside 把某物放在一边；积蓄（钱） lay sth. down 把某物放下 lay the blame on sb.责备某人 lay the table 摆桌子 lay emphasis / stress on sth. 把重点放在某事上

8. 小练：根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。小练：根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。 （1）The bird ______ its eggs in other birds’ nests. （2）He is a political leader that _________________ (非常强调) individual responsibility. （3）He ______ some money ______ for rainy days. （1）lays （2）lays great stress on （3）lays/puts; aside

9. 3. harmful [‘hɑ:mful] adj.有害的；伤害的 harm n.&vt. 伤害（某 人） Many people are aware of the harmful effects of smoking. 很多人都 意识到吸烟的危害。 归纳： be harmful to sb./sth. 对……有害 do harm to sb.= do sb. harm = harm sb. 对……有害；伤害……

10. 小练：根据句子的意思完成句子或翻译。 （1）Everyone knows that smoking is ______ to your health. （2）In many cases, too much care for children from parents might even do ______ to their growth. （3）在阳光下看书对你的眼睛伤害很大。 ______________________________________________ (1) harmful (2) harm (3) Reading in the sun does a lot of harm to your eyes. = Reading in the sun does your eyes a lot of harm.= Reading in the sun is very harmful to your eyes.

11. 4. exist [iɡ'zist] vi.存在；生存 existence n.存在 (1) Does life exist on Mars? 火星上有生命吗? (2) She can hardly exist on the wage she’s getting.她挣的工资简直难以糊口。 归纳： exist + prep. 存在于地方 exist on sth. 靠某物生存

12. 小练：用exist的短语或其适当形式填空。 （1）This plant ______ only ______ Australia. （2）Can you __________ such a low salary? （3）We doubt the ______ (exist) of alien. （1）exists; in （2）exist on to （3）existence

13. 5. puzzle ['pʌzl] v. (使)迷惑；(使)苦思 n.谜；难题 puzzled adj.无法了解的；困惑的 puzzling adj.令人费解的 （1）Her reply puzzled me. 她的回答把我弄糊涂了。 （2）Their reason for doing it is still a puzzle to me. 他们要做此事的原因仍然令我很困惑。 归纳：sb. be puzzled by sth. 某人对……感到迷惑 puzzle one’ s brain冥思苦想；绞尽脑汁 solve a puzzle 解决一个难题

14. 小练：用puzzle的适当形式填空或翻译。 （1）To explain the ________ (puzzle) findings, he offers two theories. （2）I _______ (puzzle) that I haven’t heard from Liz for so long. （3）She listened with a _______ (puzzle) expression on her face. （4）No one has yet succeeded in explaining the _______ (puzzle) of how life began. （1） puzzling （2） am puzzled （3）puzzled （4） puzzle

15. 6. pull [pul] n.&vt. 拉（力）；拖；牵引力 （1）You push and I’ll pull. 你来推，我来拉。 （2）I felt a pull at my sleeve and turned round. 我觉得有人扯我的袖子，便转过身来。 归纳： pull ahead (of sb./sth.) 领先（于某人/物） pull…back 退却；撤回 pull out (sth.) 拉掉；使分离；掏出；驶离（车站） pull together 同心协力

16. 小练：用pull短语的适当形式填空。 （1）He ___________ a gun and aimed at the criminal. （2）So long as we __________, there’ s no mountain top we can’t conquer. （1）pulled out (2) pull together

17. 7. cheer [tʃiə]vt.&vi. (使)高兴、振奋；(对……)欢呼 cheerful adj.高兴的 cheerless adj.不高兴的 (1) The crowd cheered loudly as the Queen appeared. 女王出现时群众高声欢呼。 (2) He was greatly cheered by the news. 他听到这个消息非常高兴。 归纳： cheer sb. on为某人加油 cheer (sb.) up（使某人）更高兴或更快活

18. 小练：用cheer的短语或其适当形式填空。 （1）Your visit has greatly ______ him up. （2）The crowd ______ the runners ______ as they started the last lap. （3）You look as though you need ______ up. （1） cheered （2）cheered; on (3) cheering

19. 二、重点词组 1. to begin with = to start with以……开始；首先 To begin/start with, I couldn’t understand a single word. 起初，我一 句也没弄明白。 归纳： begin/start with 从……开始

20. 小练： 根据句子的意思完成句子。 （1）He ______ his speech ______ a poem. （2）His speech ___________ a poem. （3）_________________, pets are good friends of many lonely people, especially the old. （1） began/started; with （2） began/started with （3） To start/begin with

21. 2. in time及时；最终；迟早 （1）They caught the bus in time. 他们及时赶上了汽车。 （2）If you keep on, you will succeed in time. 如果坚持下去，你们总有一天会成功的。 短语归纳 in no time 立刻；马上 at no time永不 at one time 有个时期；曾经；一度 at a time 一次；每次 for the time being 暂时；暂且 take one’ s time不着急；慢慢来 from time to time 不时地，间或 many a time 常常；多次 once upon a time 从前

22. 小练：用time短语填空。 （1）They sent the mail to me just ____________, before I left. （2）Hurry up! The concert will begin ____________. （3） _________________ will I give up. （4）The boy laughed and cried ______________. （5） __________________ he was addicted to playing web games, but now he devotes himself to writing, which delights his parents. （6）Don’t try to do everything at once; take it a bit ____. （7）You’ll have your own office soon, but ___________ you’ ll have to share one with me. （1）in time（2）in no time（3）At no time （4）at the same time （5）At one time （6） at a time （7）for the time being

23. 3. in one’s turn 轮到某人；接着 I will see you, each in your turn. 我将一个接着一个看你们。 短语归纳 by turns轮流；一阵……一阵…… take turns (to do sth.)轮流（做某事） It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了

24. 小练：中译英。 (1) 我们轮流开车。 ______________________________________________ (2) 今天轮到谁发言了？ ______________________________________________ (1) We drove the car by turns / in turn. = We took turns to drive the car. (2) Whose turn is it to give a speech today?

25. 4. prevent...from = stop...from = keep...from 使……不做事；阻 止……做某事 His back injury may prevent him from playing in tomorrow’ s game. 他背部的伤可能使他参加 不了明天的比赛。 用法辨析：prevent / stop sb. from doing sth.中的from可省, keep sb. from doing sth.中from不可省略，因为keep sb. doing sth.是“使某 人一直做某事”之意；但如在被动语态中， 三者的from都不可 省；当后接sb’ s doing sth. 作宾语时，只能用prevent或stop，不 能用keep。

26. 小练：根据句子的意思完成句子或翻译。 (1) Doctors took action to __________________ (防止这种疾病的蔓延). (2) Of course I can’ t _______ your going abroad. (3) 警察阻止他们携带武器。 ______________________________________________ (1) prevent/stop/keep the disease from spreading (2) prevent/stop (3) The police prevented/stopped/kept them from carrying weapons.=They were prevented/stopped/kept from carrying weapons by the police.

27. 5. break out (灾难、战争等) 突发；爆发 Fire broke out during the night. 夜间突然发生了火灾。 短语归纳：break away from 脱离（党派）；摆脱（控制） break down毁掉；(计划/谈判)失败 break up拆散；(会议)结束 break off (使)停止；中断；折断 break into sth. 强行进入某处 break one’ s word/promise食言；说话不算数

28. 小练：用break短语填空。 (1) A terrible tsunami _____________ in the southeastern countries of Asia at Christmas, 2004. (2) When do you ____________ for Christmas? (3) Negotiations between the two sides have ________. (4) His house was _____________ last week. (1) broke out (2) break up (3) broken down (4) broken into

29. 三、课文回顾 According to a 1 ______(wide) accepted theory,the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter 2 _______all directions. For several billion years after that the earth was still just a cloud of dust which settled into a solid globe. The earth became 3 ______ violent as to explode loudly. In time the water vapor 4 ____(produce), making the earth’s atmosphere cool down. Water disappeared from other planets, but stayed on earth, which was 5 ___(fundament) to the development of life. Many millions of years later, small plants began to appear on the surface of the water, filling the oceans and seas 1. widely 2. in 3. so 4. was produced 5. fundamental

30. with oxygen. This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land. They were followed by land animals which contained insects and amphibians (两栖动物). Later reptiles which produced young generally by laying eggs 6 ___(turn) up for the first time. The 7___ (appear) of dinosaurs made possible the rise of mammals on the earth. They were different from all life forms in the past 8_____ they gave birth to young baby animals. Finally clever animals have,in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. They spread all over the earth, putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere 9_____ preventsheat from 10____(escape) from the earth into space. 6. turned 7. disappearance 8. because 9. which 10. escaping

31. 四、句子精析与仿写： 1. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. 随后它变成怎样，没有人能知道，直到38～48亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。 句子分析：what it was to become是what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作become的宾语。

32. 仿写： (1) 使大家惊奇的是他竟没有参加会议。 ______________________________________________ (2) 是什么事使他不能参加我们的会议仍然是个谜。(prevent…from) ______________________________________________ (1) What surprised everybody is that he didn’t come to the meeting. (2) What prevented him from attending our meeting still remains a mystery.

33. 2. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. 地球变得激烈动荡，能否保持这个形状不是很清楚。 句子分析：whether...(or not) 引导的从句还可充当宾语、表语、同位语等。此处，由whether引导的是一个主语从句，it为形式主语。

34. 仿写： (1) 他是否能成功地通过驾驶考试还不确定。 ______________________________________________ (2) 刘翔是否能在明年复出取决于他的脚伤是否完全康复。（depend on） ______________________________________________ (1) It is uncertain whether he’ll succeed in passing the driving test or not. (2) Liu Xiang taking part in the competition again next year depends on whether his ankle injury can be cured.

35. 3. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life todevelop. 这就形成一个连锁反应，使生命发展成为可能。 句子分析：it作形式宾语，真正的宾语为不定式短语 for life to develop。it作形式宾语还可以代替动名词或从句。 which引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句整个概念，也可代指单个先行词。此处是指代先行词a chain reaction。

36. 仿写： (1) 鲍勃总认为工作之余帮助别人是他的职责,这让他的妻子很生气。 ______________________________________________ (2) 他把每天早晨6点起床作为一项准则，这是一个好习惯。 ______________________________________________ (1) Bob always thinks it is his duty to help others after work, which makes his wife upset. (2) He made it a rule to get up at six every morning，which is a good habit.

37. 4. We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased. 我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。 句子分析：amazed是形容词化的过去分词，在此处作伴随状语用。一般情况下，是副词作状语，但形容词有时也可以作状语，表示伴随、原因、结果、让步、说话人的态度、时间或条件等。

38. 仿写： (1) 他躺在床上，醒着，正在听音乐。 ______________________________________________ (2) 那个人跑进房间，很害怕。 ______________________________________________ (1) He lay in bed, awake, listening to music. (2)The man run into the house, scared.

39. 5. ...walking does need a bit of practice nowthat gravity has changed… 既然重力改变了，行走的确需要一些练习。 句子分析：句中 does need是一种强调句式。动名词作主语，谓语动词应该使用单数形式。在一般句型中，do (does, did)常用来强调谓语动词的语气，在句中要重读，译为“真的”“的确”“确实”等。now that 在句中引导原因状语从句，相当于 since，意为“既然，由于”，that 可省略。now that一般可以放在句首和句中。since一般放在句首。

40. 仿写： (1) 既然工作已经做完了，你最好休息一下。 ______________________________________________ (2) 你已长大了，可以自己作决定了。 ______________________________________________ (1) Now that you have finished your work, you’d better have a rest. (2) Now that you have grown up, you can make up your mind by yourself.

41. Section II. 读写强化 一、根据课文回答下列问题： 1. What physical condition does as an astronaut need? 1. An astronaut must be extremely fit, and internally healthy. 2. The earth is different from other planets because of water. How do we protect our water resources? 2. We can do these things: First, we must prevent the factory from pouring waste water into the river. Second, we should stop people from throwing litter into the river, for many kinds of litter may pollute the environment. Finally, we can tell the visitors how important the water is. After doing these things, I think water will become clearer sooner or later.

42. 3. What’s the correct attitude towards science? 3. We should be objective, not superstitious. 4. What’s the correct way to prove a scientific idea? 4. We should design experiments to test it for several times. Then we can analyze the results and draw a conclusion at last. 5. What are the most important skills we need for being real scientists? 5. A real scientist should be careful, objective and logical, draw conclusions from the experiments and not impose conclusions on the data.

43. 二、美文欣赏与模仿： Earth∕is our only home in the universe. If we don’t protect～it from now on, we will have nowhere to go∕when the environment has been ruined. Look～at what we have done to our motherland. We use as much resource as we can find, and then turn them into rubbish. This rubbish∕is taken up more～ and more space in our planet. All～of～us∕must do something to protect our earth. Take～a bus∕instead～of private car; use goods∕that～are made～of recycle material. Many ways we can take∕in daily life to do good for our better future.

44. SectionⅢ. 单元配套 一、重点词词形变换 1.From his _________ expression on his face, we can see he met a _________ problem. (puzzle) 2.Whenever I see her, she will smile at me __________. (gentle) 3.The __________ man ran into the school and hurt the students ____________. (violence) 4.People think she’s a freak just because she’s ________and interested in questions of ________or morality. (religion) 1.puzzled, puzzling 2. gently 3. violent, violently 4. religious religion

45. 5.He ________ down his bag as soon as he came home. (lay) 6.She got interested in ________and decided to be a ________. (biology) 7. According to some philosopher, everything in ________is reasonable. (exist) 8. He is safe because this snake is ________. (harm) 9. This book is ________, I need a practical one. (theory) 5. laid 6. biology, biologist 7. existence 8. harmless 9. theoretical

46. 二、活用表格中的短语 1.His parents tried many ways to ______ him ______ going outside at night. 2.The Civil War __________ in the year when he was born. 3.__________ you have made up your mind, please never give up. 4.___________ 3 babies, she became very fat. 5. That wall ____________ all the light. 6. Try again and ____________ a bit; life isn’t that bad! 1. prevents；from 2. broke out 3. Now that 4. Having given birth to 5. blocks out 6. cheer up

47. 三、完形填空