China Review

1. China Review Periods 1-6

2. Period 1 • Shang • Like rest of period 1 civilizations • agricultural societies • Patriarchy • Cities • Complex writing • started with oracle bones read by shamans • Pictographs like Egypt &Mesopotamia • Advanced government system • Massive buildings • UNLIKE rest of societies • Supreme importance of family & veneration of ancestors • Secular-Confucianism (Analects) • Valued literacy

3. Periods 1 &2 • Zhou Dynasty • Mandate of Heaven • Chinese generally secular, this is a great example of a connection to heaven • Zhou overthrew the Shang Dynasty using the Mandate of Heaven as an excuse/justification • Zhou claimed they had the RIGHT to rule • when a dynasty no longer has the confidence of heaven, if they are no longer just or fair, then the next group has the right to overthrow • Secular beliefs • Confucianism -Active life, centralized state revolving around hierarchy of relationships (father-wife, father-son, emperor-subject) • Daoism • Laozi founder • Introspective life connected to nature

4. Period 2 • Qin Dynasty • Shin Huangdi emperor • Great Wall and Terra Cotta Soldiers • Peasants forced to work for state • Monumental buildings for glory of dynasty • Legalism (militaristic) leads government not Confucians • Strong Army • Unified state • Used one script –same writing so people can communicate • Used one form of money • Uniform laws

5. Han Dynasty • Government • Large empire, long borders-hard to defend • Confucians take control from Legalists • Establish exam systems for bureaucracy • Shi turns into Scholar Gentry (Confucians) • Merchants had low status • Emperor controls nobles by dividing lands among all sons at death of father • Peasants must work for state-leads to peasant revolts • Economics • Silk Road begins to connect East Asia to Middle East • Traded: heavenly horses, stirrups, paper • Build roads & canals for trade/travel • Invent compass, rudders for navigation • Monumental Building-Forbidden City, Roads, Canals Period 2

6. Period 3 Sui Dynasty • Build Grand Canal • Connect southern China to north • Move food and goods north-internal trade

7. Period 3 Tang Dynasty (Turks) • Government • Expand Scholar Gentry & Exam system • Equal Field System- law taking land from nobles at death and redistributing land (way to control nobles) • Culture • Buddhism vs Confucians • Buddhism rising in China-Scholar gentry unhappy • SG had Buddhist monasteries destroyed • Shifts Buddhism out of China toward Southeast Asia! • Build universities • Poetry-Li Bo &Du Fu • Women: • highest status when Buddhist gaining power • Example: playing polo • Confucians will lower status

8. Period 3 Song Dynasty • Economics • Trade new products: • Gunpowder- change weapons &war • Printing (along with paper) spread ideas, literacy, government records • Flying money-1st paper money- facilitates trade • Indian Ocean Route- Junk boat (larger than Dhow, sturdier, carry more cargo) • Deforestation leads to use of coal as fuel: • Metallurgy-coal smelts iron & steel tools • Guilds for merchants • Culture • Champa Rice from SE Asia-fast growing feed large population • New-Confucianism-Mencius’ ideas-borrowed some ideas of Buddhism • Women- originally more power but as Song progresses less power • *Foot binding (Song Dynasty -1910+) • Required of upper class women to get husband • Makes women unable to walk, leave home • Confucians write laws to limit women’s access to laws • Hangzhou-new capital in south, home of merchants too

9. Period 3 Yuan Dynasty (Mongols) • Government • Nomads: excellent cavalry • Eliminate Scholar Gentry & Exam system • Laws to keep Mongols and Chinese separate • Economics: Silk Road at Height- • PaxMongolica- (Mongol peace) unification of much of Asia-encourage trade • Culture • Tolerate Confucianism (even worshiped ancestors) but many Mongols Buddhists • Used Chinese calendar • Marco Polo (Italian merchant) visits emperor and brings back info on China and bad directions • Women- Mongol & Chinese both patriarchies but… • No footbinding but Chinese will continue despite Government • Mongol women enjoy higher status-keep property rights, move about outside their homes • Environment-plague spreads from China across trade routes to Europe

10. Periods 3 & 4 Ming Dynasty (Chinese) • Government • Return power to Scholar Gentry & exam system • Centralize power in new capital Nanjing-put a lot of power with eunuchs • Work on internal projects: rebuild Great Wall, canals, irrigation systems, internal trade routes • Peasant Revolts (like Han) led to downfall • Economics: • isolates trade to just water routes with SE Asia • New product: white & blue porcelain • Culture • Sends out Zeng He on expeditions to Africa (exception to isolationist policy) • Back to footbinding for women

11. Period 4 Qing Dynasty (Manchu not Chinese) • Government-height around 1750 • China reaches largest size up to now • Lower status of Scholar Gentry • Jobs: day to day operations rather than high jobs • Force respect of Manchu-queue Manchu style haircut • No intermarriage of Manchu & Chinese (like Mongols & Abassids) • Kowtow (deep bow) to emperor • Economics: based on agriculture • New products from Columbian Exchange helped feed large population • Large labor force • Favorable balance of trade • Europeans buying products (silk, porcelain & tea) • but Qing not buying their products • Hoarding European silver-inflation not a concern in China • Merchants still low status • Culture: Jesuits (Matteo Ricci) unsuccessful converting to Catholicism, but do intrigue Chinese with European goods • Women • Very low status: encouraged widow suicide, footbinding

12. Period 5 Qing Dynasty (Manchu) falling • Government • Corruption in government • Tax money taken by local officials rather than going to infrastructure • By mid 19th cent flooding devastating for peasants along Yellow River • Food shortages • Europeans begin to intervene • McCartney Expedition: British sent a delegation to discuss the • trade imbalance (China hoarding silver) China exporting silk, porcelain, tea to west but not buying anything in return • Canton System- restrictions on trade-British goods could only come into ONE port (Canton) • Failed negotiations

13. Period 5 British Intervene in China • Opium Wars- • GB found good China wanted—addictive opium from India • China asks GB to stop trading opium but GB refused • China lost to GB due to industrialization • Treaty of Nanking (unequal treaty) • Canton System dismantled-China opens 5 ports to GB trade • GB gets Hong Kong (returns in 1999) • GB guaranteed most favored nation status--GB asserts economic domination over China • Leads to carving up of China by western powers into their Spheres of Influence

14. Changing Labor Systems • As slavery declined in period 5, Imperialist nations recruited poor in their colonies to become indentured servants to work in areas where needed additional labors– great example of Migration • Indentured Servants worked a set number of years (5-7) in exchange for their passage—form of forced labor • Examples: • Chinese laborers to work on sugar plantations in the Caribbean, gold mines in South Africa and Australia, railroad construction in America and Peru • Japanese and Chinese to sugar plantations in Hawaii, • Africans to sugar plantations in Caribbean • Indian migrants to rubber plantations in Southeast Asia, South Africa and the Pacific

15. End of Period 5 • Taiping Rebellion • Led by Hong Xiuquan—led Christian religious mission to drive Qing from China (called Qing the “creatures of Satan” • Advocated radical reforms like: end to private property, prohibition of footbinding, free public education, est democratic political institutions • Chinese gov led by scholar gentry, puts down revolution with help of Europeans • Bloodiest civil war—no food production, famines- diseases • Boxer Rebellion (1900)- • Rebellion in China to expel western countries, secretly supported by Cixi (dowager empress) • Had to be stopped by west-another example that China relied on west

16. Revolution of 1911- end of Qing Dynasty • Qing problems • Educated group of middle class and merchants-know about western ideas • Chinese angered by losses of Korea to Japan, Vietnam to France, Manchuria to Russia • Led to revolution of 1911 and emergence of Sun Yat-Sen as leader • Post Qing- China decentralized and led by regional warlords • Only USSR aids Sun Yat-Sen if he will let communists into nationalist party-he does

17. Northern CampaignNationalists vs Communists • Chiang Kai-Shek replaced Sun Yat-Sen as leader of Nationalists Party-dictatorship • Began northern trek to defeat warlords • Also targeted Communists • Communist leader Mao Zedong- attracts followers and leads them away from nationalist forces • 1934-36- Long March Communists flee across Chinese country side • Nationalists and Communists stop fighting temporarily to fight common enemy-Japan during WWII

18. Communist Victory-Two Chinas 1) 1949 Mao Zedong’s armies drive Nationalists to Taiwan-island off Chinese coast 2) Mao established the People’s Republic of China (United Nations did not recognize gov until 1972) • Command economy- government controlled the factors of productions (land, labor, capital)

19. Peoples Republic of China (PRC) 1) Step 1: (1949-1957) USSR had been aiding since 1920s sends $$ to PRC • Land Reform-redistributed land from rich to poor and increased productivity of agriculture • Civil Reform-gov tried to free from opium addition and make women equal • Five Year Plans (like Stalin)-nationalize economy, collectivize agriculture, move toward socialism

20. Peoples Republic of China 2) Step 2 (1958-1966) Great Leap Forward to move away from Soviet control. Try to develop China economically into Utopian society focused on: • All-around development-equal attention to heavy industry and agriculture • Mass Mobilization- make the vast population work longer & harder • Political Unanimity and zeal-emphasize party devotion • Decentralization- stronger gov at local level • Great Leap forward generally unsuccessful-against traditional culture, bad harvests led to ideas of the loss of the Mandate of Heaven

21. Mao creates Cultural Revolution • Political and Social Reform-purify the party through radical changes • Tried to remove ALL ideas of the old China (the bureaucracy, the Confucian inequality, the Scholar Gentry) • Scholars sent to work in the fields • Universities and libraries destroyed • Emphasize basic/elementary education but no more • Mao died in 1976 which opened up China to new leadership

22. Part of United Nations permanent members of Security Council • Crisis in Korea • UN condemned actions of communists (Chinese backed) North Korea • Led to Korean War (1950-53) • US primary ally of South Korea • China primary ally of North Korea • Example of Limited War-superpowers could have created global war but instead limited their actions to Korea • Vietnam war another example of Limited War-again US vs Chinese backed communist north Vietnamese (Viet Cong)

23. Reforms under Deng Xiaping • 1978 New leader rises-Deng Xiaping-encouraged socialist market economy • Open Door trade policy—encouraged trade with all nations including US (capitalists) • Household responsibility System- Individual families grow and sell their crops left over after paying taxes to gov –still used today • Improved food production • Encourage villages to be self supportive-grow crops and develop businesses • Government created Special Economic Zones (SEZ)- est 1979- foreign investors given preferential tax rates and incentives to develop businesses (compare to the spheres of influence of 19th cent) • Reforms in Education– higher academic standards and expansion of higher education • Institutionalization of the Revolution- legal system and bureaucracy of old China restored, government decentralized implement some capitalism • Economy rapidly expanded

24. China Today • Tiananmen Square Crisis of 1989- • students protested for democratic reforms • Government sent tanks and killed hundreds of citizens • Since 1989 has been under international pressure to expand political rights • Most powerful economy in Asia • Huge population (more than a billion)- think workers • China member of World Trade Organization (agreed with 151 nations to rules for global trade)