DOE Perspective on Microgrids

1. Advanced Microgrid Concepts and Technologies Workshop Steve Bossart, Senior Energy Analyst U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory June 7, 2012 DOE Perspective on Microgrids

2. Topics DOE Microgrid Goals DOE Microgrid Program Microgrid R&D Needs

3. DOE Microgrid Goals

4. Microgrid and OE’s Performance Target Definition by Microgrid Exchange Group OE’s 2020 Performance Target A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode. Develop commercial scale (<10MW) microgrid systems capable of reducing outage time of required loads by >98% at a cost comparable to non-integrated baseline solutions (UPS + diesel genset), while reducing emissions by >20% and improving system energy efficiencies by >20%

5. Various Microgrid Configurations Possible • Consumer Microgrid—single consumer with demand resources on consumer side of the point of delivery, (e.g. sports stadium) • Community Microgrid— multiple consumers with demand resources on consumer side of the point of delivery, local objectives, consumer owned, (e.g., campus, etc.) • Utility Microgrid—supply resources on utility side with consumer interactions, utility objectives Microgrids are “Local Energy Networks”

6. Microgrids & Smart Grids Microgrid Distributed Generation E-Storage Load Central Generation Load Transmission Distribution Distributed Generation E-Storage

7. A Possible Future Distribution Architecture Municipal Microgrid Distribution Control Utility Microgrid Industrial Microgrid Campus Microgrid Military Microgrid Commercial Park Microgrid

8. DOE Microgrid Program

9. DOE-OE Primary Microgrid Field Projects Renewable and Distributed Systems Integration Projects Mon Power - West Virginia Super Circuit Chevron Energy Solutions - CERTS Microgrid Demo City of Fort Collins - 3.5 MW Mixed Distributed Resources Illinois Institute of Technology - IIT Perfect Power Demo San Diego Gas & Electric - Borrego Springs Microgrid Smart Grid Demonstration Projects (ARRA) Battelle – Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration LA Dept. of Water & Power Smart Grid Regional Demo Southern California Edison Irvine Smart Grid Demo

10. Common Objectives Among DOE’s Microgrid Projects • Reduce peak load • Benefits of integrated DER (i.e., DG, DR, e-storage) • Ability to integrate variable renewables • Operate in “islanding” and “grid parallel” modes • Import and export capabilities • Two-way communications (frequency, verification, data latency) • Data management • Price-driven demand response • Dynamic feeder reconfiguration • Outage management (i.e., number, duration, and extent) • Volt/VAR/frequency control • Balance distributed and central control • Cyber security • Interconnection and interoperability • Defer generation, transmission, and distribution investments

11. Common Technologies Among DOE’s Microgrid Projects Generation and Energy Storage Renewable energy (PV, wind) Distributed generation (microturbines, fuel cells, diesel) Combined heat and power Energy storage (thermal storage, batteries) T&D Communications (wireless, PLC, internet) Advanced metering infrastructure & smart meters T&D equipment health monitors (transformers) Consumers Plug-in electric vehicles and charging stations (PHEV/PEV) Smart appliances & programmable thermostats Home Area Networks & In-Home Displays Energy management systems

12. DOE Microgrid R&D Projects CERTS Microgrid Test Bed Energy Surety Microgrids Smart Grid Interconnection and Interoperability Standards SPIDERS: Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy, Reliability, and Security

13. Microgrid R&D Needs

14. List of High-Priority R&D Projects from the DOE Microgrid Workshop

15. Switch Technologies R&D Control and Protection Technologies • Layered, low-cost, reliable protection • Adaptive and integrated protection and control • Main issue with protection is latency • Switches to handle full fault Life, cost, maintainability, and reliability End-user needs define transition time DC microgrid switch Focus on best practices from switch operation

16. Inverters/Converters Standards and Protocols • Universal microgrid communication and control standards • Microgrid protection, coordination, and safety Topologies, controls and coordination for multiple inverters to operate in a microgrid Longer life advanced power electronics to reduce cost and improve performance Switches for higher voltage and higher efficiency Graceful degradation of power electronics

17. System Design and Economic Analysis Tools Systems Integration • Common integration frameworkfor cyber, control, communication and physical architectures • Integrated information management systems Multi-objective optimization framework Design and operation optimization methodology with uncertainty accounting for financial risk Library of tools including state estimation

18. Contact Information Merrill Smith & Dan Ton Program Managers Microgrid R&D U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Delivery and Energy Reliability (202) 586-3646 Merrill.smith@hq.doe.gov (202) 586-4618Dan.ton@hq.doe.gov Steve Bossart Senior Energy Analyst U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Lab (304) 285-4643 Steven.bossart@netl.doe.gov