3.4 – Metamorphic Rocks

1. 3.4 – Metamorphic Rocks

2. Videos/Websites http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv96NSPaDDk http://geology.com/rocks

3. Do Now • What are the 3 agents of metamorphism?

4. Do Now • What are the 3 agents of metamorphism? • Heat • Pressure • Hydrothermal Solutions

5. Associated Key Words

6. Hydrothermal Solution • Metamorphism • Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock • Foliated Metamorphic Rock Vocab Words

7. Metamorphic Rocks • Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure. • Metamorphism – to change form. • Rocks produced during metamorphism often look much different then their parent rock.

8. Formation • Most metamorphic changes occur at elevated temperatures and pressures. • These conditions exist at a few kilometers below Earth’ surface and extend into the upper mantle. • Two types of metamorphism • Contact Metamorphism • Regional Metamorphism

9. Contact Metamorphism • Hot magma moves into rock. Magma forces itself into pre-existing rock. • Low-grade metamorphism • Minor changes are done to the rocks. • Ex: Marble

10. Regional Metamorphism • Extreme pressures and temperatures. • During mountain building, large areas of rocks are subjected to these extreme pressure and temperatures. • Large scale deformation and high-grade metamorphism.

11. Agents of Metamorphism • Agents of metamorphism are heat, pressure and hydrothermal solutions. • During metamorphism, rocks are usually subjected to all three of these agents at the same time. • However, the effect of each agent varies greatly from one situation to another.

12. Heat • Heat is the most important agent of metamorphism. • Heat provides the energy needed to drive chemical reactions. • Some reactions cause existing minerals to recrystallize. • Other reactions cause new minerals to form. • The heat for metamorphism comes mainly from two sources – magma and the change in temperature with depth. • Magma essentially “bakes” any rocks that are in contact with it. • Temperature with depth occurs within the upper mantle and temperature increases around 20° – 30° C.

13. Pressure (Stress) • Pressure, like temperature, also increases with depth. • Pressure is applied in all directions. • Pressure on rocks causes the spaces between mineral grains to close. • The result is a more compact rock with greater density. • Pressure can also cause minerals to recrystallize into new minerals. • Increases in temperature and pressure cause rocks to flow rather than fracture. Mineral grains rend to flatten and elongate.

14. Reactions in Solution • Water solutions containing other substances that readily change to gases at the surface play an important role in some types of metamorphism. • Hot, water-based solutions that escape form a mass of magma are called hydrothermal solutions. • Promote recrystallization by dissolving original minerals and then depositing new ones. • The rocks overall composition may occur.

15. Classification of Metamorphic Rocks • Classified by texture and composition. • Foliated Metamorphic Rocks • Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks

16. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks • When metamorphic rocks undergo extreme conditions, certain minerals will recrystallize with a preferred orientation. • The result is a rock with a layered or banded appearance.

17. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks • Metamorphic rocks that do not have a banded or layered appearance. • Usually only contain one mineral. • Ex: Marble is a nonfoliated rock made of calcite.

18. Classification Chart

19. Group Activity • On page 84, use that table to fill in the blanks on your group paper and place it in your folder when complete.