Psychological Disorders

1. Psychological Disorders

2. Defining Psychological Disorders • a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: • maladaptive--harmful • unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reason • Must include: • Personal discomfort (inner distress) • Change in life Functioning (success in meeting expectations for performance in work or school and social relationships)

3. Historical Views • Supernatural view • Mysterious actions indicated supernatural powers • Madness was a sign of possession • Punishment: Burning at the stake • Naturalistic View • Hippocrates • Madness was a sickness- treat with care

4. Theories of Nature, Cause, and Treatment • Biological Model • Physiological malfunctions • Psychoanalytic Model • Result of unconscious internal conflict • Cognitive-Behavioral • Result of learning (learned inferiority) • Diathesis-stress (integration) • Biological predisposition combined with stressful situation • Systems approach (integration) • Biological, psychological, and social combination (biopsychosocial model)

5. Classification - DSM-IV DSM-IV • American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) • a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders • presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)

6. Prevalence and Uses • 15% experience mental disorder • Top three: Anxiety, phobias, mood • 6% substance abuse • Incidence: new cases in a given time • Prevalence: frequency of a case • “Insanity”- a legal term used in court to avoid holding the ill accountable for unjust actions

7. Mood Disorders • Definition: characterized by emotional extremes • Difference between sadness and clinical depression? • Normal = response to real-world situation, lasts for a short period, typical reaction

8. Mood Disorders • Major Depressive Disorder • a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

9. Mood Disorders • MDD Symptoms • Depressed mood • Feeling sad or empty for most of the day, nearly every day • Loss of interest in pleasure • Significant weight loss or gain • Sleep disturbances • Disturbances in motor activity • Fatigue • Worthlessness or self guilt • Trouble concentration • Recurrent thoughts of death

10. Mood Disorders • Dysthymia • Less intense sadness that persists for 2 years or more

11. Mood Disorders • Bipolar Disorder • Disorder in which an individual alternates between feelings of MANIA (EUPHORIA) & DEPRESSION • Mania- active, talkative, high self-esteem, potentially aggressive • Ben Stiller, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Brittney Spears, DMX, Charlie Sheen • Manic-Depressive Disorder (Kelsey and Chase)

12. Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood Disorders - Bipolar • PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches

13. Causes of Mood Disorders • Biological Factors • Identical Twin more likely to be depressed than Fraternal • Neurotransmitters • Medications can treat (SSRIs) • Psychological Factors • Cognitive Distortions- “Twisting” a situation and misinterpreting it severly

14. Depression & Women

15. Depression Rates

16. Depression & Suicide

17. Anxiety Disorders Defined as: distressing, persistent anxiety (don’t know cause or is inappropriate) or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

18. Anxiety Disorders • Generalized Anxiety Disorder • Prolonged vague but intense fears- person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal (unable to relax, constantly restless, rapid heart, trouble sleeping) • “Free floating” anxiety

19. Anxiety Disorder • Panic Disorder • marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation • No reasonable cause • Dread of having another panic attack is stressful (agoraphobia?)

20. Anxiety Disorders • Specific Phobia • persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation • Acerophobia - Fear of itching • Acrophobia - Fear of heights • Aerophobia - Fear of flying • Agoraphobia- Fear of open spaces (or being separated from sources of security) • Atelophobia - Fear of imperfection • Autophobia - Fear of being alone • Lygophobia - Fear of darkness • Arachniphobia – Fear of spiders • Arachibutyrophobia – Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of your mouth • Social Phobia- Fear of public situations (public speaking)

21. Anxiety Disorders • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) • May experience anxiety if behavior is stopped • Hoarding

22. Anxiety Disorders • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) • Disorder in which victims of traumatic events experience the original event in the forms of dreams or flashbacks long after the event • Acute stress- immediately after • A Soldier's Struggle with PTSD

23. Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disorders • Psychosomatic- “mind” and “body” • Real illnesses that have a psychological cause • Ex: Tension headaches, High Blood Pressure exacerbated by stress • Joe Paterno? • Somatoform- Believe they are physically ill • Problem is somatic (physical) in appearance with no evidence of illness

24. Somatoform Somatization disorder- Vague, recurring physical symptoms with no cause (back pain, dizziness, stomach pains, etc.) Conversion Disorder -Conversion of emotional difficulties into the loss of a specific physiological function If stuck with a pin, a limb will have no feeling glove anesthesia- lack of feeling from the hand down “Hysterical Blindness” Hypocondriasis - A person who is in good health becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments (a cough becomes a serious disease BDD- Body Dysmorphic Disorder- imagined ugliness

25. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Disorder - a disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness • Part of the person is dissociated from the rest (memory, identity, etc.) • i.e. Dissociative Amnesia- memory of war victims is incomplete (selectively forgotten)

26. Dissociative Fugue A person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past- rare This person will assume an entirely new identity

27. DID- Dissociative Identity Disorder • Formerly Multiple Personality • A person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving • A.k.a. Multiple Personality • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5a2PxSgZ28

28. Case Study • “In general demeanor, Maud was quite different from Sara. She walked with a swinging, bouncing gait contrasted to Sara’s sedate one. While Sara was depressed, Maud was ebullient and happy… Insofar as she could Maud dressed different from Sara… Sara used no make-up. Maud used a lot of rough and lipstick…” • Sara was mature (19.2 mental age, IQ 128), while Maud was childish (6.6, IQ of 43)

29. Depersonalization • Person suddenly feels changed or different in a strange way • Is common during adolescence, but when this becomes long-term or chronic it is classified as a dissociative disorder

30. Sexual Disorders • Sexual Dysfunction- loss or impairment of physical responses • Sexual Desire Disorder- lack of interest • Paraphilias- Unconventional sex objects or situations to obtain sex arousal (fantasies) • Fetishism- repeated use of nonhuman object to achieve arousal • Exhibitionism, Pedophilia, Frotteurism, Sexual Sadism, Masochism, Transvestic Fetishism

31. Gender Identity Disorders • Desire to become a member of the other biological sex • Many times this is resolved by adulthood • If not, sexual reassignment surgery is an option • Cause: Biological? • Two sexes is not enough to encompass human sexuality?

32. Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia • literal translation “split mind” • a group of severe disorders characterized by: • disorganized and delusional thinking • disturbed perceptions • inappropriate emotions and actions

33. Schizophrenia • Psychosis: A loss of touch from reality • Delusions • false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders • Hallucinations • sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

34. Subtypes of Schizophrenia Being chased by Russian spies, evil clowns, etc.- “Normal” Giggling, Grimacing, Active but aimless - Then overactive

35. Genetics & Schizophrenia

36. Fluid-filled Brain - Schizophrenia

37. Dopamine & Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis • Dopamine Hypothesis -An excess of dopamine at selected synapses is related to a diagnosis of schizophrenia • Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis - Individual may have inherited a predisposition toward schizophrenia

38. Personality Disorder • Personality Disorders • disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning • usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

39. Types of Personality Disorder • Antisocial- lie, cheat, steal, kill with no regret • Dependent- Unable to make decisions on their own • Histrionic - Excessive emotions; Seeks attention • Paranoid – Suspicious and mistrustful, hypersensitive to threats • Schizotypal, or Schizoid - Intense discomfort in close relationships, lack desire to form social relationships • Borderline- Instability in self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships; impulsive • Narcissistic –grandiose sense of self-importance and preoccupation with fantasies of success • Avoidant- timid, anxious, and fearful of rejection, but wants close relationships

40. Personality Disorder • Antisocial Personality Disorder • disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members • may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

41. Childhood Disorders • ADHD (Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity disorder)- lack ability to focus in a sustained way • Biological factors in central nervous system • Treatment- psychostimulants to “slow down” hyperactive children

42. Autistic Disorder • 1/500 Children • 4x in boys • Fail to form normal attachments, distant and withdrawn, delayed speech or develop echolalia (repetition of words said to them) • Strange motor behavior • Precise cause unknown • “Autism: The Musical”