Unit 3: Grammar and Usage

1. Lessons 48 - 53 Unit 3: Grammar and Usage

2. Write Sentences using the following words: • Worked and diligently • Seemed and quiet • Tread and cautiously • Looked and magnificent • Wake and quickly • Appeared and tired • Knock and softly Using Adjectives and Adverbs

3. A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence. • EXAMPLES: Put the package on the table. Place the package in the desk. Prepositions

4. These are some commonly used prepositions:

5. Create sentences using the prepositions: • Across • Behind • From • Through • Toward • Over • Upon

6. A phrase is a group of closely related words used as a single part of speech but not containing a subject and predicate. • A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun. • Example: He took the bus to Saskatoon. • The noun or pronoun in the prepositional phrase is called the object of the preposition. • Example: He took the bus to Saskatoon. Prepositional Phrases

7. Write sentences using the following prepositional phrases: • In the evening • Of Canada • Behind the couch • Near the city

8. A prepositonal phrase can be used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Then the prepositional phrase is being used as an adjective to tell which one, what kind, or how many. • Example: The cat in the alley hissed. • The prepositional phrase in the alley tells which cat. • A prepositional phrase can be used to describe a verb. Then the prepositional phrase is being used as an adverb to tell how, where, or when. • Example: Dara ate supper before the concert. The prepositional phrase before the concert tells whenDara ate supper.

9. Participial phrases begin with a present or past participle and can function as adjectives. • Examples: • Reaching for a cookie, Martin spilled his glass of milk. • Damaged beyond repair, the ship sunk. • Sometimes participial phrases are misplaced in a sentence so that they modify the wrong word (misplaced modifier). • Example: • Misplaced: Grazing peacefully like cattle,we saw a herd of buffalo. • [The participial phrase seems to refer to we] • Revised: We saw a herd of buffalo, grazing peacefully like cattle. • [The phrase clearly refers to buffalo] Participial Phrases

10. Sometimes the word they modify is implied, but doesn’t appear in the sentence (dangling modifier). When participial phrases are not clearly related to the words that they modify, confusion can result. • Example: • Dangling: While jogging, the CD player broke. • Revised: While jogging, I broke the CD player.

11. A Conjunction is a word used to join words or groups of words together. Example: We are packing our bags, but we plan to return soon. These are some commonly used conjunctions: Conjunctions

12. A co-ordinating conjunction, such as and, but, yet, or, and nor join two or more elements or equal rank in the sentence. • Example: The satellite and the space shuttle were prepared. • Subordinating conjunctions such as while, because, although, and until join elements of unequal rank in a sentence. They can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. • Example: Before we went to Germany, I visited relatives in France.

13. The adverbs not, never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, none, and nothing should not be used with a negative verb. One clause cannot properly contain two negatives. • Examples: • There wasn’t anything left in the cupboard. (correct). • There wasn’t nothing left in the cupboard. (Incorrect) Double Negatives