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21.3 Changes in the Movement

21.3 Changes in the Movement. 2 types of Segregation. De facto : by practice/by choice People tend to live near others similar to themselves Esp. common in the North and today De jure : by law Jim Crow laws in the South kept blacks out of white communities

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21.3 Changes in the Movement

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  1. 21.3 Changes in the Movement

  2. 2 types of Segregation • De facto: by practice/by choice • People tend to live near others similar to themselves • Esp. common in the North and today • De jure: by law • Jim Crow laws in the South kept blacks out of white communities • Civil Rights laws attacked de jure well, but de factois much harder to change

  3. 2 Types of Segregation • “Race riots” in Harlem, NYC and Watts, Los Angeles • Showed Americans that blacks outside the South were angry about housing, jobs, and education

  4. Malcolm X • Converted to Islam by following the teachings of the Nation of Islam • An aggressive black Muslim group • Encouraged blacks to fight violence with violence • Once he went on his Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, he began to preach peace • He was killed by a member of the Nation of Islam who disagreed with his peaceful approach in 1965

  5. Black Power • Stokely Carmichael encouraged African-Americans to be proud of their race and culture • He called for self-defense and “Black Power” • He appealed to young blacks who felt that change was not happening fast enough

  6. Black Power • The Black Panthers also called for violence against white police officers • Wanted African Americans to create their own, self-sufficient society in the U.S. • They even ran day-care centers, homeless shelters, soup kitchens, etc.

  7. Black Power • The FBI was very concerned about these “Black Power” groups • FBI chief J Edgar Hoover had their phones wiretapped • He had been doing the same for Dr. King for years • These phone taps and other tactics were often conducted without a warrant

  8. 1968 and beyond • Dr. King was assassinated April 3, 1968 at a hotel in Memphis, TN by a white supremacist • Some evidence points to FBI involvement… • His death sparked race riots in over 100 cities, including Cleveland

  9. 1968 and beyond • 1968 Civil Rights Act bans segregation in housing • Banks and real estate agents can’t discriminate with their customers • But due to poverty and unequal schools, many blacks could afford to move into nicer suburbs

  10. 1968 and Beyond • In the 1970s, affirmative action policies took hold • This gave special consideration to job/college applicants from groups who have long been persecuted • Increased the number of minorities in higher education and higher paying jobs • Some whites felt that the special treatment was unfair

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