Updating the Inventory on Unintentional POPs (With new Toolkit for Dioxin and Furans)

1. 1 Enabling Activities to Review and Update the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 4-5 March 2013, Antalya, Turkey Updating the Inventory on Unintentional POPs (With new Toolkit for Dioxin and Furans) Roland Weber POPs Environmental Consulting, Göppingen, Germany roland.weber10@web.de

2. Content of Presentation • Methodology to Establish Comparable Dioxin Inventories with the UNEP Dioxin Toolkit • Updating and Revising Source Inventories and Release Estimates • Examples of Updating and Revising Inventories • Some Conclusions for Inventory Update

3. Methodology to Establish Comparable Dioxin Inventories with the UNEP Dioxin Toolkit

4. Stockholm Convention - Article 5 (a) (i) - Inventory and action plan development • Inventory of Dioxin/UPOP sources are developed to identify, quantify and prioritize source of releases • The inventory is the basis for the development of strategies with measures, timelines and goals to minimize these releases (Action plan under the NIP).

5. TOOLKIT FOR IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF RELEASES OF DIOXINS, FURANS, AND OTHER UNINTENTIONAL POPs • Emission Factor Methodology for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and other Unintentional POPs • Aim to assist parties in establishing release inventories that are consistent in format and content, ensuring that it is possible to compare results, identify priorities, mark progress and follow changes over time at the country level, as well as regional and global levels. (http://toolkit.pops.int/)

6. Updated Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans, and Other Unintentional POPs • Part I General Guidance • Data Quality and QA/QC of inventory results • Guidance on updating and revising source inventories • Reporting of inventory results • Part II Default Emission Factors • New/revised dioxin emission factors • Guidance on estimating activity rates, classification of sources and assigning appropriate emission factors • Part III Annexes and Example Inventories • Complementary information on the derivation of EF • PCB & HCB emission factors for sources with available data • Example inventories for each source group http://toolkit.pops.int/

7. Toolkit Calculation Methodology Calculation of Source Strength (Dioxin release/year): The basic principle is to gather “activity statistics” which describe the quantity of a process (e.g., tons incinerated; tons steel produced per year), and use “Emission Factors” (EF) which describe release of pollutant to each medium per unit of activity (e.g., µg I-TEQ/ton). Multiplying EF and Activity Rate yields annual releases of a Source (Source Strength). Annual PCDD/PCDF emission estimate:Source Strength (gram TEQ Dioxin emission per year) = Emission Factor x Activity Rate (1) (Emission factor = amount PCDD/PCDF/UPOP per ton of feed processed or product produced). For a country or region: Total annual PCDD/PCDF release = annual releases from all source groups & over all release vectors

8. Toolkit Calculation Methodology • Activity rates (Amount/Flux from a activity per year: – tonnes produced; waste burned; or m3 emitted): • “non-dioxin-like” • Country-specific • Economic data, statistics • the data the task team will gather! • Emission factors (gram TEQ Dioxin/t product or; /m3): • identical for similar technology • default emission factors (provided in Toolkit) • own measured data (quality requirement !)

9. 5-Step Approach for Establishment of a PCDD/PCDF Inventory • Use Screening Matrix as a guide to identify Source Groups present in the country; • Use Source Category list to identify specific activities in the country’s Source Group; 3. Obtain information on individual sources to classify these and select emission factors; 4. Quantify identified sources by applying default/measured emission factors; 5. Apply nation-wide to establish full inventory.

10. Step 1: Main Source Categories The first step is checking and identifying the Main Source Categories present in Turkey. No. Main Source Categories Air Water Land Prod.Residue 1 Waste Incineration X X • Ferrous/Non-Ferrous Metal Prod X X • Power Generation and Heating X X X 4 Production of Mineral Products X 5 Transport X 6 Uncontrolled Combustion Proc. X X X X 7 Prod./Use Chem.Cons. Goods X X X 8 Miscellaneous X X X X 9 Disposal X X X X 10 Identification of Potential Hot-Spots X Sequence does not imply any ranking of Main Source Categories (importance of individual sources will vary from country to country);

11. Step 2: Identify for each Source Group the source categories/activities in the country

12. Step 2: Identification of Source Categories: Category 1 – Waste Incineration Potential Release Route Source categories of source group 1 Air Water Land Product Residue 1 Waste Incineration X X a Municipal solid waste incineration X (x) x b Hazardous waste incineration X (x) x c Medical waste incineration X (x) x d Light-fraction shredder incineration X x e Sewage sludge incineration X (x) x f Waste wood/biomass incineration X x g Destruction of animal carcasses X x For each of the source categories present in the country an estimate of the activity rate need to be made.

13. Step 2: Identification of Source Categories: Category 1 – Ferrous/Non-Ferrous Metal Production Potential Release Route No.Subcategories of Main Category Air Water Land Product Residue 2 Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production X X a Iron ore sintering X x b Coke production X x x x x c Iron/steel production and foundries X xd Copper production X xe Aluminum production X x f Lead production X x g Zinc production X x h Brass and bronze production X xi Magnesium production x x x j Other non-ferrous metal production x x x k Shredders X x l Thermal wire reclamation X (x) x x

14. Dioxin/PCB contamination of meat/milk around EU sinter plant Around steel plant in Italy PCDD/F & PCB contamin. meat & milk (sheep/goat). (Diletti et al, Giua et al; Org. Hal Compounds 71; 2009) • 1600 sheeps and goats needed to be slaughtered • 2012: 20 km restriction zone for cattles. • High cancer rates in area

15. Air emissions of a steel plant (non-BAT; EU E-PRTR data) Capacity: 10-12 Mio tons

16. Care have to be taken that reduction measures do not focus only on dioxins/UPOPs but that other substances and emissions are considered and reduced together. Necessity of integrated pollution prevention & control

17. Step 3: Selection of Emission Factors For each source category, a range of default emission factors is given reflecting different levels of technology or other parameters controlling Dioxin/UPOP releases. Category 1b Hazardous Waste Incineration Emission Factors - g TEQ/t waste

18. Step 4: Calculation of Releases from Source Categories Source Category EF Air (µg/t) Flux (t/a) g TEQ/a 1a) Municipal Waste Incineration 22No control 3,500 5,000 17.5 Low technology 350 10,000 3.4 Good comb, APC 30 20,000 0.6 1c) Hospital Waste Incineration 433Batch, no APC 40,000 10,000 400Control. batch, APC 3,000 10,000 30Controlled, APC 525 5,000 2.6 Total release from Waste Incineration to Air 455

19. PCDD/F Inventory Turkey (2007)

20. The baseline release estimateis the first inventory of sources and releases of Annex C POPs elaborated by a Party, usually as part of the National Implementation Plan developed under Article 7 This serves as a baseline against which subsequent updated release estimates are assessed in order toestablish trendsin releases over time andevaluate efficacy/effectivenessof the strategies adopted Baseline Release Estimates

21. Updating and Revising Source Inventories and Release Estimates

22. Establishing Trends in POPs Releases Over Time 1. Correct and/or adjust initial/previous inventory 1. Examine initial/ previous inventory 2. Review changes in data as compared with initial/ previous inventory 3. Calculate releases Updating of the inventory (for a particular reference year) • FACTORS INFLUENCING CHANGES IN RELEASES OVER TIME, e.g.: • Economic/demographic growth • Changes in technology e.g. phasing in BAT&BEP • Building, reconstruction, or close down of production facilities • Substitution of fuels and/or raw material • Introduction or reconstruction of abatement techniques • Check for factors influencing changes in releases over time • If sources are reclassified and/or EF have been revised: assign new EF accordingly • Identify the approach: • Classification of sources and EF used • Check for revised/new Toolkit EF • Information sources on activity rates • If source classification unchanged: use the same EF • Reclassify sources according to the present situation • Assumptions and expert judgment applied to fill the gaps • Establish activity rates for the reference year • Multiply EF with new activity rates • FACTORS TRIGGERING THE NEED TO REVISE INITIAL/PREVIOUS INVENTORIES, e.g.: • Toolkit EF have been changed or new EF added • Approach has been changed (e.g. assumptions/expert judgment) • Activities/sources: • were not identified in the baseline • were incorrectly classified NEED TO REVISE NEED TO REVISE Revision of the initial/previous inventory CONSISTENT TIME TRENDS • Include missing information/ fill gaps • Use the revised set of EF for computing releases / apply the same assumptions/expert judgment as in the updated inventory Source: Stockholm Convention Secretariat

23. Examples of Updating and Revising Inventories

24. 3 Example 1: Revised Emission Factor 66% actual decrease 95% decrease Baseline inventory [2003 data, Toolkit 2005] Source group: Open burning Source category: Waste burning Source class: Uncontrolled domestic waste burning Activity rate [2003]: 60’000 t/yr EFAir [Toolkit 2005]: 300µgTEQ/t Release to air from open burning of waste: 18 g TEQ/yr Updated inventory [2010 data, Toolkit 2013] Source group: Open burning Source category: Waste burning Source class: Uncontrolled domestic waste burning Activity rate [2010]: 20’000 t/yr EFAir [Toolkit 2013]: 40 µg TEQ/t Release to air from open burning of waste: 0.8 g TEQ/yr Revised inventory [2003 data, Toolkit 2013] Source group: Open burning Source category: Waste burning Source class: Uncontrolled domestic waste burning Activity rate[2003]: 60’000 t/yr EFAir [Toolkit 2011]: 40 µg TEQ/t Release to air from open burning of waste: 2.4 g TEQ/yr Incorrect assessment Source: Stockholm Convention Secretariat

25. Example 2: Additional Class Baseline inventory [2003 data, Toolkit 2005] Source group: Open burning Source category: Biomass burning Source class: Agricultural residue burning, impacted Activity rate [2003]: 4’000’000 t/yr EFAir [Toolkit 2005]: 30 µg TEQ/t Release to air from agricultural residue burning: 120 g TEQ/yr Updated inventory [2010 data, Toolkit 2013] Source group: Open burning Source category: Biomass burn Source class: Agricultural residue burning, impacted Activity rate [2010]: 2’000’000t/yr EFAir [Toolkit 2013]: 30 µg TEQ/t Release to air from agricultural residue burning: 60 g TEQ/yr New source class: sugarcane burning Activity rate [2010]: 2’000’000 t/yr EFAir [Toolkit 2013]: 4 µg TEQ/t Release to air from sugarcane burning: 8 g TEQ/yr Revised inventory [2003 data, Toolkit 2013] Source group: Open burning Source category: Biomass burn Source class: Agricultural residue burning, impacted Activity rate [2003]: 3’000’000 t/yr EFAir [Toolkit 2013]: 30 µg TEQ/t Release to air from agricultural residue burning: 90 g TEQ/yr New source class: sugarcane burning Activity rate [2003]: 1’000’000 t/yr EFAir [Toolkit 2013]: 4 µg TEQ/t Release to air from sugarcane burning: 4 g TEQ/yr increase +8 g TEQ increase +4 g TEQ Incorrect assessment Source: Stockholm Convention Secretariat

26. Example 3: Missing Sources 1st Inventory decrease -0.5 g TEQ Baseline inventory [2003 data, Toolkit 2005] Source group: Waste incineration Source category: Destruction of animal carcasses -no information -releases considered negligible Updated inventory [2010 data,Toolkit 2013] Source group: Waste incineration Source category: Destruction of animal carcasses Source class: Old facility, no APCS New information discovered Activity rate [2010]: 1’000 t/yr EFAir [Toolkit 2013]: 500 µg TEQ/t Release to air from destruction animal carcasses: 0.5 g TEQ/yr Revised inventory [2003data,Toolkit2013] Source group: Waste incineration Source category: Destruction of animal carcasses Source class: Old facility, no APCS Activity rate [2003]: 2’000t/yr EFAir [Toolkit 2013]: 500 µg TEQ/t Release to air from destruction of animal carcasses: 1 g TEQ/yr increase +0.5 g TEQ Incorrect assessment Source: Stockholm Convention Secretariat

27. Same approach needs to be applied consistently in all release estimates to: Ensure results comparable over time Enable assessment of consistent time trends If the approach changes, previous inventories need to be revised by applying the same approach to estimate releases in the reference years Conclusion – Step forward

28. Turkey has a good PCDD/PCDF inventory (2007) Update activity rates of the source categories present Reclassify sources according to the present situation (appropriate selection of emission factors) Assess which of new source categories in the new Toolkit are present in Turkey (in particular modifications in category 7) More elaboration of source group 10 (hot sport). In the first NIP only PCB hot spots were addressed. Conclusion – Steps forward Turkey

29. Tesekkür Ederim Questions ? http://www.pops.int ssc@pops.int

30. Turkey Dioxin Inventory 2007

31. PCDD/F Inventory Turkey (2007)

32. PCDD/F Inventory Turkey (2006) Cat. 3: Ferrous/Non-Ferrous Metal Production

33. PCDD/F Inventory Turkey (2006) Category 3: Heat and Power Generation

34. PCDD/F Inventory Turkey (2006) Category 4: Production of Mineral Products

35. PCDD/F Inventory Turkey (2006) Category 6: Open Burning

36. PCDD/F Inventory Turkey (2006) Category 7: Chemicals & Consumer Goods

37. Metal Industries Necessity Emission Control Secondary metal industry is an important part of waste management for each county and a key for recycling of valuable materials. • A considerable part of materials processed in the metal industry is hazardous waste (scrap metals containing Pb, Cd, Hg, PCB, E-waste containing BFR) • In this sector you have a grey zone between hazardous waste and valuable material. • Finally hazardous waste streams (contaminated fly ashes and slags).

38. Metal Industries Necessity Emission Control Example of contaminated site from metal recycling in Germany (Fahlbusch/Rastatt): • Secondary copper and zinc smelter contaminated residential area by air emission and water pollution (Dioxins and heavy metals) over decades. • Impact on residential areas (houses and gardens). • Remediation and securing cost 70 million $. • Local government had to pay part of the remediation cost since they gave permissions for the operation. Waste management and emission control

39. Assessment of Dioxin/uPOPs Contaminated Sites Turkey • Industrial activities having potentially resulted in Dioxin/uPOPs contaminated sites in Turkey (cost): • Production of EDC/VCM for PVC production • Production of chlorine (Chloralkali process) • Production of chlorinated pesticides/other organochlorine • Application of organochlorines (e.g. PCP for wood preservation; leather treatment) • Secondary metal recycling (Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, E-waste etc.) • Hazardous landfills • Harbours Waste management is the key to avoid contaminated sites! Series in ESPR: http://www.scientificjournals.com/sj/espr/Pdf/aId/11084 http://www.scientificjournals.com/sj/espr/Pdf/aId/10649

40. Conclusions • Hazardous waste management of e.g. PCB waste oils is one key for protection of Turkish food industry from Dioxin and PCB contamination with potential heath impact and possible financial losses in food export if a contamination is discovered e.g. by EU alert system. • Chemical/hazardous landfills need to be considered as constructions built for a limited time which need to be supervised (especially for ground water contamination) and potentially repaired or remediated.

41. Conclusions • Thermal waste treatment facilities (incinerator, gasification, cement killn) are today a key to destroy hazardous waste. • Releases from these thermal waste treatment facilities (air emission and solid residues!) need to be controlled not to contaminate environment or create contaminated sites from releases. • Care has to be taken to understand waste output of processes/factories and the potential use of waste as products.

42. Ressources Information can be found: POPs and UPOPs inventory http://www.chem.unep.ch/popshttp://www.pops.int PRTR inventory http://www.prtr.net/prtr/index_e.cfm http://www.unece.org/env/pp/prtr.htm http://www.unitar.org/cwm/prtr/ http://www.chem.unep.ch/prtr/

43. MWI IWI Small Combusters Crematories 8000 Electric Arc Sinter Zink Aluminum 6000 Other Sources Cigaretts Traffic 4000 Dioxinemission Air (g TEQ/a) 2000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003* PCDD/PCDF Inventory Air in Japan

44. g TEQ/Jahr 70000 PCDD/PCDF in PCP PCDD/PCDF in CNP 60000 co-PCB Other Chlororganics 50000 Industrial Waste Incineration Municipal Waste Incineration 40000 PCP 30000 IWI CNP 20000 MWI 10000 co-PCB 0 1988 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1993 Masunagaet al. 1998 Example for Impact of Application of Chlorinated Aromatics - Historical PCDD/PCDF Input into the Japanese Environment

45. PCDD/PCDF Inventories Based on Measurements • In developed countries mainly emission to air were measured and included in the inventories. • Japan was the first country to set general law regulation for emission to water. Most other countries do not have PCDD/F limit for water. • Japan also has emission limits for fly ashes from incineration (3 ng TEQ/g). Most other countries do not have regulations for solids. • Provisional low POPs limit Basel C (15 ng TEQ/g). • EU has PCDD/F in PRTR (air & water). However only very few reportings.

46. Toolkit Revisions

47. 2003 - 1st edition, issued by UNEP Chemicals 2005 - 2nd edition – also issued by UNEP Chemicals April 2011 - COP5 adopted revisions recommended by the Toolkit Expert Group 2013 – Latest edition, worked by the Toolkit Expert Group: Substantial revision were made in relation to 2005 edition. An electronic version, more user-friendly, is now available: http://toolkit.pops.int The Toolkit has Undergone Several Revisions

48. Main Modifications In Toolkit 2013 in Relation to Toolkit 2005 Several changes in Emission Factors, based on new scientific and technical literature Level of Confidence added for each class Better description on several classes and guidance on activity rates Inclusion of new categories and new classes Example inventories for each source group

49. Source Group 1 – Waste Incineration No changes to EF, nor to source classification Source Group 2 - Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metal Production: Several important changes in EFs; category “m” renamed category “l” and its title renamed “Thermal wire reclamation and e-waste recycling”. New class added on category “l”: Class 2 - Open burning of circuit boards; classes 2 and 3 renamed class 3 and class 4 respectively. Modifications by Source Group

50. Source Group 3 - Heat and Power Generation: changes in EFs, inclusion of ten new classes Source Group 4 – Production of Mineral Products: changes in EFs in one category (Brick Production) Modifications by Source Group