Political Geography

1. Political Geography AP Human Geography—Minich

2. Political geography: Conflict • State • Nation-State • Perfect Examples? • Multi-National State • Examples: UK • Part-Nation State • Examples: Kurds • Centrifugal vs. Centripetal • Examples? • Shatter Belt • Punjab

3. Political geography: Conflict • Balkanization • Centrifugal Forces • Religion • Catholicism, Orthodox, Islam • Ethnicity • Language • Roman vs. Cyrillic • Centripetal Forces • Political • Austro-Hungarians • Yugoslavia (1991) • Ethnic Cleansing • “Greater Serbia” • Kosovo (1999)

4. “Syrian conflict” • Explain the origin of modern Middle Eastern borders according to Rice. • What does Rice mean by “sectarian allegiances?” • Explain where you see the concept of Balkanization in the editorial. • What does she mean by the “Middle East state system?” • What is the former Secretary’s proposed solution? Why?

5. Defining a State • Definition: defined territories, permanent population, fully independent (sovereign) • Country=state • History • States have existed for thousands of years. • “City-States” • Empires • Modern concept—dates back to Europe in the 17th-19th centuries • As of 1950 only about 50 recognized independent countries; now nearly 200 (and more coming) • Antarctica—only large piece of land not controlled by a state • Difficulty of Definition • Western Sahara, Taiwan, Korea Peace of Westphalia (1648)—Thirty Years’ War

6. Difficulty of Defining State: Taiwan • State??? • Technically part of China • Used to be called “Formosa” • Terms: • China = People’s Republic of China (PRC) • Taiwan = Republic of China (ROC) • 1949, non-communists (Chiang Kai-shek) fled to island • Claimed independence from China • US supports Taiwan, but says they are all China • Very industrialized; GDP per capita= 4-5x of China

7. Difficulty of Defining State: North and South Korea History • 1895 – 1945 • Japan • 38th parallel • NK = Communist (USSR) • SK = Democracy (US) • 1950: Korean War • 36,500 US military killed • Cease-fire 1953 • DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) • 2½ miles wide • 38,000 US personnel

8. North Korea • Development: • South Korean economy— 24x North Korean GDP • Dynasty— • Kim Il Sung “Great Leader” • Kim Jong Il “Dear Leader” • Kim Jong Un • Atrocities: Camp 14 • “3 Generations of punishment”

9. State Expansion Most of the remaining colonies are small islands in the Pacific or Caribbean. • Colonization • Causes—correlation with demographic transition model? • Today: ie. “territories, overseas dependencies, subnational entities, in free association, or special administrative regions”

10. State Expansion • Organic Theory of States (1901) • Friedrich Ratzel • German • Lebensraum • Heartland Theory (1904) • Halford John Mackinder • British • “World Island”—Heartland • Europe, Asia, Africa—resources • “Offshore islands” • British Isles, Japan • “Outlying islands” • North/South America, Australia

11. Heartland vs. Rimland • Nicholas Spykman • American (1942) • Rimland Theory • Helped design Containment Policy • “Balance of power” • Maintain a divided rimland

12. Heartland vs. Rimland • Heartland Theory: • Mackinder believed that a landbased power, not a seabased power, would ultimately rule the world. He believed that Eurasia was the most important area in the world containing a “pivot area” extending from Eastern Europe to eastern Siberia. The “pivot area” became known as the Heartland. • Who rules East Europe rules the Heartland. • Who rules the Heartland rules the World Island. • Who rules the World Island rules the World. • Rimland Theory: • Spykmanbelieved the Eurasia rim, not its heart, held the key to global power. He parodied Mackinder: • Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia • Who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world. • Spykmansaw a divided rimland as a key to the world’s balance of power. Today the rimland includes Western Europe and China

13. Shapes of States Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples… • Micro-state • Compact • Elongated • Prorupted • Perforated • Enclave • Fragmented • Exclave • Landlocked

14. Types of Boundaries Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples… • Physical • Water, mountains, etc. • Cultural • Geometric • Religious • Linguistic • Others… • Antecedent • Super-imposed boundary • Satellite states • Relict

15. Internal Political Organization Geographic power distribution: Think advantages, disadvantages, and examples… • Unitary- central government makes laws for the entire nation and gives local governments only limited power and authority • Great Britain, Japan and France • Federal System- gives the national government certain powers and reserves others for the states • United States, India, Mexico, Russia • Confederation- smaller political units keep their sovereignty and give the central government very limited powers • Articles of Confederation, United Nations, European Union

16. Electoral geography • Census • Apportionment • At-large • 435 members of Congress (1911) • 1:647,000 people (2000 Census) • Redistricting (Responsibility of state legislatures) • Compact, Contiguous, Congruent, Equity

17. Electoral geography • Malapportionment (refusal to redistrict) • UK— Rotten/pocket borough • Reform Act of 1832 • US— • Baker v. Carr(TN,1962), urbanization • Wesberry v. Sanders(GA,1964), “one man one vote” • Gerrymandering (manipulating district lines) • Wasted vote, excess vote, stacked vote • Partisan, Racial

18. Electoral geography 2000 Census 2010 Census

19. U.S. congressional districts covering Travis County Texas (outlined in red) In 2003, Republicans in the Texas legislature redistricted the state, diluting the voting power of the heavily Democratic county.

20. The unusual "earmuff" shape of the 4th Congressional District of Illinois connects two Hispanic neighborhoods while remaining narrowly tracing Interstate 294.

21. Supranationalism • Why do IGO’s (Intergovernmental Organizations) exist? • Not new…Delian League (478 BCE), Hanseatic League (13th Cent.) • Global vs. Regional • Economic • NAFTA, OPEC, World Trade Organization • Political • Organization of American States, the Organization of African Unity, British Commonwealth of Nations, Arab League • Military • NATO, Warsaw Pact, Rome-Berlin Axis • Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO’s) • International Red Cross/Crescent, Green Peace, Doctors Without Borders

22. OPEC NATO

23. IGO Research Questions • Global or Regional • What is the purpose of the organization? • Type: Economic, Political, Military • What states are members? • What areas of sovereignty do member states sacrifice in return for membership? • What role do you see this IGO playing in the future? How do you think this IGO will change the nature of member/nonmember states?

24. Origin of the United Nations • Where did the idea for the UN come from? • 1945 • What was its original purpose? • What was the League of Nations? • How did it form the foundation of the United Nations? • What are the differences?

25. United Nations Members

26. Un General Assembly • Who belongs? • 192 Members • 2/3’s required to make decisions • What Powers? • Discuss issues/problems • Pass resolutions • Votes for membership election, suspend/admit members, budgetary matters

27. UN Security Council • Who belongs? • 15 members (9 out of 15 required to pass resolutions) • 5 Permanent Veto Nations (US, Russia, UK, France and China) • 10 Non-permanent elected • What Powers? • Investigates disputes, pass resolutions, can call for economic or military action

28. UN Secretariat • Secretariat • day to day operations, taking orders from the UN members • Secretary General • Ban Ki-moon • Continent Rotation • Peacekeepers

29. Describe the basic Organization • International Court of Justice (ICJ) • Settles legal disputes between countries, ruling is binding • Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) • Intended to improve living standards • UNESCO, ILO, FAO, WHO, World Bank • UN Declarations: • Human Rights, Genocide Convention, Law of the Seas, Earth Summit

30. European Union EU Embassy (Washington, DC) Parliament (Brussels)

31. What is the European Union (EU)? • 1951—Sought economic cooperation to prevent a repeat of a conflict like World War II (European Coal and Steel Community—Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and West Germany) • 1967—European Community (EC)promoted further economic cooperation (12 members), also managed nuclear energy production • 1993—Maastricht Treatythe EU has been expanding into other policy areas such as the environment, education, security, foreign policy, immigration and crime

32. European Union: Member States (27) Austria (1995) Belgium (1952) Bulgaria (2007) Cyprus (2004) Czech Republic (2004) Denmark (1973) Estonia (2004) Finland (1995) France (1952) Germany (1952) Greece (1981) Hungary (2004) Ireland (1973) Italy (1952) Latvia (2004) Lithuania (2004) Luxembourg (1952) Malta (2004) Netherlands (1952) Poland (2004) Portugal (1986) Romania (2007) Slovakia (2004) Slovenia (2004) Spain (1986) Sweden (1995) United Kingdom (1973)

34. Who can join the EU? • To join a country must meet a list of criteria: • Stable democratic government • Good human rights record • Sound economic policy • Willing to adopt all EU regulations and laws Acceding country Croatia Candidate Countries Iceland Montenegro Serbia FYR of Macedonia Turkey Potential Candidates Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo

35. Euro

36. EU: Basic Facts • Capital: Brussels • Area: 4.3 million sq km (US: 9.8 million sqkm) • France, Spain, UK, Germany • Population: 504 million (US: 314 million) • Germany, France, Italy, UK • GDP $15.48 trillion (US: $15.08 trillion) • Per capita GDP $34,100 (US: $48,300) • Life Expectancy 79.76 years (US: 78.49 years)