Globalization

1. Globalization

3. Definition • Global industrialism or globalization is the impact of industrialization and its socioeconomic, political, and cultural consequences on the nonindustrialized societies of the world.

4. The Economics of Globalization • Neo-Classical Economic Theory Marginal Product Revenue Theory

5. Marginal Product Revenue Theory • Equilibrium is achieved where supply and demand meet in a competitive market. • The business world does not like equilibrium because it limits profits. • The more unique the offering the more the company can charge in excess of their costs.

6. Marginal Product Revenue Theory • The Result: business will always seek new markets and new products to offer.

7. The Global Village • Since humans developed culture, we’ve moved toward globalization. • We live in a world in which all regions are in contact with one another through the mass media, instantaneous communication, and highly integrated economic and political networks.

8. What changes is this having on the world today in terms of: • Environment • Demography • Technology • Economy • Politics • Ethnicity • Religion

9. Environmental Trends • Non-industrial societies depleted the environment by slash-and-burn horticulture, overgrazing, soil erosion, and species extinction. • Industrialized societies have far more ways to damage the environment: • Mechanized Agriculture • Agribusiness • Green Revolution • Genetic engineering • Loss of biodiversity • Air Pollution • Ozone depletion • Acid rain • Global warming/greenhouse effect

10. Population Trends • Demographic-transitional • model • Applied • Palaeolithic = 10 million • 2000 A.D. = over 6 billion • 2050 A.D. = 10.2 billion? • However, Western society has achieved ZPG (zero population growth) = people just replacing themselvesand some countries are shrinking • One-Child policy in China

11. Globalization and Bands • Fourth world societies • Violent changes • Ethnocide • Genocide • Ethnographic examples: • Ju/’hoansi in Namibia and Botswana • Mbuti Pygmies • Siriono of Bolivia (500)

12. Globalization and Tribes • North American horticulturists • Effects of contact • Forced relocation • Manifest Destiny • Trail of Tears • South American horticulturists • Yanomamö • Pastoralists • Bedouins • Qashqa’i pastoralists • Iran

13. Chiefdoms, Resistance, Preservation • Chiefdoms • Hawaiian Islands • Resistance • Native Americans • Melanesia and New Guinea • Hawaiian Religion • Preservation

14. Colonization – Who grabbed what • Latin America – Portuguese (Brazil), Spanish (the rest) • Africa – British (East and West), French (North and West), Dutch (South), Belgians (Central), and Germans (East) • Caribbean – Primarily the Spanish, however, the British, French, and Dutch also obtained some land

15. Colonialism • Latin America • Columbus, conquistadors, Cortés • Africa • Slave trade • Caribbean • Plantations • Middle East • Suez Canal • Asia • Cash crops Cash Crops of Colonization: Top – Tobacco in Cuba Middle – Rice in China Bottom – Sugar in Jamaica

16. Demographic Changes • The colonized areas experienced great reductions in native populations. • Africa primarily through the slave trade, but also, through brutal means of control • Latin America and Caribbean primarily through the introduction of disease as well as the harsh imposed labor conditions

17. Changes - Demographic • Mesoamerica, South America, Caribbean • Population decline (25 to 1.5 million people) initially • Disease, labor effects, famine • Population increase later • Medical and sanitation practices • Middle East and Asia • Population growth, reduction of death rates

18. Changes - Religious • The introduction of Christianity • Religious syncretism: Incorporation of pre-existing beliefs and practices into Christianity • Africa and Pacific – Missionization • Latin America - Catholic church • Caribbean – Voodoo • Middle East and Asia • Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism The practice of vodoun on Haiti

19. Religion and Secularization • Secularization – religion becomes a private affair in industrial societies • Persistence of religion • Marx predicted religion would disappear, but it hasn’t • Religious leaders emphasize cultural values, often of an ethnic group • Revival because of secularization (fundamentalist movements) • Helps people feel a sense of power over their lives in the face of global processes they can’t control

20. Changes - Political Simon Bolívar Nelson Mandela Mahatma Gandhi Mao Tse Dong • Initially Indigenous control • Colonial rule imposed upon acquisition • Following WWII the colonies eventually become independent • Latin America and Caribbean • Political autonomy (Bolívar) • Africa • Independence movements • Ghana (1957), Congo (1960), Kenya (1963) • Apartheid in South Africa (Mandela, 1994) • Middle East and Asia • India – Gandhi, 1947 • China – Democracy to Communism (Mao, 1949)

21. Economic Changes • Still Occurring • Complete disruption of indigenous systems • Introduction of the peasant into the global marketplace (Open Peasant Communities) • Currently transitioning from peripheral to semi-peripheral, and slowly encroaching on core societies.

22. Changes - Economic • Americas, Africa, Caribbean • Mining, plantation (hacienda) system • Disruption of indigenous system • Middle East and Asia • Cash crops superceded peasant villages • More dependent on core societies Finsch Diamond Mine, South Africa

23. Economic Trends • Multinational Corporations • Promote spread of technical and cultural knowledge • Reorganized production, might eventually manage global affairs • Positives: capital and jobs • Negatives: inhibits self-sufficiency, diverse economy (= neo-colonialism?) • Case Study: Western Samoa • Low leasing/royalties • Large employer, but only a shift of labor • Peasants had no fall-back plan House in Western Samoa

24. Anthropology can help assess causes of changes in the world and help develop policies based on links between local practice and global processes. • Green Revolution in Shahidpur, India • One village switched from subsistence to mechanized agriculture, anthropologist Murray Leaf documented it. • Switch proved economically advantageous. • Conservation of Wood in Haiti • Deforestation is a major problem for peasant farmers. • Murray found that peasants feared they’d lose land, livelihood if forests were replanted. • solution: the introduction of fast-growing hardwoods Farmers: India (above) and Haiti (below)

25. Changes – Social Structure • Latin America • Dyadic contract, patron-client ties, machismo • Africa • Non-nuclear family, polygyny, patriarchy • Middle East • Required marriage, divorce, complex gender relations (compare Egypt to Saudi Arabia) • Asia • Communism in China muted patriarchy and some kinship ties • Open marriage options, women’s right to work Traditional purdah

26. Ethnic Trends • People don’t think government cares about individuals • Ethnonationalism as a reaction to global processes (Québécois, Scots) • Ethnic group is a refuge from globalization

27. Ethnonationalism • Definition: secessionist developments • Arose in European-colonized areas, in eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union • Response to the trend of globalization, the McWorld tendency • Cosmopolitanism

28. Indigenous rights

29. What does indigenous mean? UN definition ‘Indigenous populations are composed of the existing descendants of the peoples who inhabited the present territory of a country wholly or partially at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world, overcame them, and by conquest, settlement or other means, reduced them to a non-dominant or colonial situation. also includes isolated or marginal populations not colonized or conquered also the idea that they are placed under the state structure which incorporates mainly the national, social and cultural characteristics of the dominant society.

30. Indigenous Groups and Government • who is indigenous is decided by government ministers • national governments have different criteria because indigenous groups may be able to claim state benefits • By such means governments are able to keep control over the character and size of their indigenous populations • In Canada the federal Indian Act. defines an Indian as "a person who, …is registered as an Indian or is entitled to be registered as an Indian." Persons registered under the Indian Act are referred to as Registered Indian Status. To be eligible to receive benefits under the Indian Act, individuals must be registered in the Indian Register, which is maintained by the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND).

31. In USA you have to be registered which means you have to be able to trace your relationship to an ancestor who was registered in 1906 indigenous peoples themselves often reject these state definitions and emphasize culture and self identification and distinctiveness RAIN-IN-THE-FACESiouxFrank Fiske c. 1900

32. Populations • 300 million indigenous people • about half of the counties in the world have an indigenous population whose right to self determination is being denied • indigenous peoples are generally a demographic minority • Native Americans 1.5% of Canadian population • Australian aborigines less than 2% of the population • USA native Americans about .5% • Sweden lessthan .1%

33. Relation to Land • The struggle in the last two decades has centred on land. • Land contains their history and sense of identity and it ensures their economic viability as an independent people • for indigenous peoples land is often the seat of their spirituality and has a sacred quality generally absent from Western thinking Ayers Rock/ Uluru, the world's largest monolith and an Aboriginal sacred sitelocated in the Kata Tjuta National Park, which is owned and run by the local Aboriginals. The Australian government handed ownership of the land back to the Aboriginals some years ago.

34. land is revered and respected and its inalienability is reflected in virtually every indigenous philosophy • They see Westerners as trying to gain dominion over the land, while they see land as a living entity which can neither be claimed for oneself or subjugated. Across the Continent: "Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way"Frances F. Palmer, 1868 Buffalo Hunt under the White Wolf Skin: An Indian Strategem on the Level PrairiesAfter George Catlin, undated

35. A spiritual rapport with the land is common in the philosophy of indigenous peoples, but is at odds with the prevailing materialist notions of Western society • West sees that land which is not owned by title or deed is unclaimed and can be seized, • natural resources that are left untouched by indigenous peoples are considered as wasted and are exploited; • economic activities which do not extract the greatest commercial benefits are judged inefficient and primitive

36. The common way of life of indigenous peoples, one that has a reverence for the land, is threatened by this attitude of cultural superiority and materialism. • As a consequence indigenous peoples all over the world face a similar struggle to protect their land, their culture. California's Native American nations were decimated first by the diseases the 49ers brought with them, then by the new California state government, which put bounties on the heads of native people.

37. The Yanomami, had little contact with the rest of Brazil until the arrival of the first garimpciros (gold miners) in the 1970s. By 1987 an estimated 80,000 miners had flocked to the area, polluting rivers and spreading malaria. Decimated by disease, the number of Yanomamis living in Brazil (many also live in Venezuela) fell from 20,000 to about 8,000 in just 20 years. In Aug 1993 23 Yanomami Indians were massacred by goldminers.. The dead included men, women and children who were decapitated with machetes In the words of Yanomami representative "What we do not want are the mining companies, which destroy the forest, and the garimpciros, who bring so many diseases. These whites must respect our Yanomami land. The garimpciros bring guns, alcohol, prostitution, and destroy nature wherever they go. The machines spill oil into the rivers and kill the life existing in them and the people and animals who depend on them. For us, this is not progress."

38. Situation of Indigenous Peoples • face discrimination and suffer disadvantage • less access to medical care since live mostly in rural areas • more likely to be unemployed than the majority • paid less than comparable workers and generally in lower paid manual jobs • in nearly all countries which have an indigenous population, governments have created special agencies for their welfare • more often than not these bodies serve as mechanisms of control over indigenous minorities and thereby compound the discrimination talking place elsewhere 1990, the Supreme Court held that Oregon could deny unemployment compensation to two Native Americans dismissed from their jobs for smoking peyote as part of tribal religious rituals under the state’s narcotics laws ~

39. receive less opportunities for schooling • basic education is often hampered by an absence of any lingua franca --- in Brazil 120 different languages • education is usually in the dominant language • locations means that education is inaccessible, especially if nomadic • where formal education is available it is often antagonistic to the traditions of indigenous people • It does not impart indigenous culture and few efforts are made to accommodate to the needs of indigenous communities

40. education is often seen as a means of gaining control of indigenous peoples and subverting their culture • Missionaries, teachers and governments have recognized that the way to civilise their indigenous communities was to take hold of the children before their parents could teach them the tribal way of life. • Indigenous cultures often thought to be inferior and needed to be bred out of them

41. Assimilation or partial assimilation of indigenous peoples has led to a concomitant despair at the loss of traditional social cohesion • This, coupled with an understandable disillusion with the opportunities offered by the wider economy has created serious problems among indigenous communities • violent and accidental deaths and high suicide rates • a universal problem is that in time their culture will disappear • alcoholism and prostitution

42. The Issues • 1. .Self-determination • tied in with all aspects of life - political, economic, social, and cultural-how people choose to live • seeking to assert their political voice along with their economic, cultural and social perpetuation and development • the most problematic topic • Questions the legitimacy of the settler regimes • the establishment of Nunavut may be an indicator of change

43. 2. Intellectual property rights • for medicines developed from plants and traditional medical practices of indigenous peoples • In most cases no compensation is given to the tribe which had preserved and actually discovered the medicine. • A proposal to reform the process to ensure compensation to the indigenous people involved was recently discussed and rejected by the World Intellectual Property Organization.

44. 3. Control over the exploitation of natural resources located on the traditional indigenous lands. • At present these resources are usually claimed by the settler society • which gets any fees or profits from exploitation without regard to the needs or desires of the indigenous peoples; The coal-fired Navajo Generating Station near Page, Arizona The ownership is: U.S.Bureau of Reclamation 24.3% , SRP 21.7% LA Dept. of Water & Power 21.2% , Arizona Public Service Company 14.0%, Nevada Power 11.3%, Tucson Electric Power 7.5%

45. 4. Preservation of cultural traditions and languages • a high priority for many indigenous peoples who are usually a minority in the settler society. • Most majority societies have been extremely reluctant to allow the use of indigenous languages in formal governmental activities. • There does appear to be movement toward greater acceptance of this demand

46. Whale Hunting Among the Makah • Place: Neah Bay, on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State • May 17, 1999- 1st Gray Whale Killed in 75 Year by Indigenous Whale Hunters • Media Coverage Explosion • Debates upon Two Recurrent Themes: Indigenous Rights and Environmental Impacts of Whaling

47. The Whale Debate • Questions to Consider: • What were the Makah trying to protect by returning to whale hunting? • What were environmental groups who opposed the Makah whale hunting trying to protect?

48. 5. Compensation for the theft of land and property by the settler societies. • Includes return of artefacts now in museums • also return of skeletons and the right to bury them according to tradition The totem pole is from Star House in Massett village on the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii), Canada. Now at the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford

49. Green = unsettled land claims Yellow= settled claims Organge= treaty boundaries

50. Indigenous rights and International Law • International law does not consider indigenous peoples rights separately from the concerns of the general matters of international law. • generally simply as issues of human rights • the specific concerns of indigenous peoples have been submerged by the dominant colonial societies • which control access to domestic and international legal agendas or access