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Overview of Internet and Network Services

Overview of Internet and Network Services. ECE7610/ECE7650. millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running network apps communication links fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate = bandwidth routers: forward packets (chunks of data). router.

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Overview of Internet and Network Services

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  1. Overview of Internet and Network Services ECE7610/ECE7650 Network Services

  2. Network Services

  3. millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running network apps communication links fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate = bandwidth routers: forward packets (chunks of data) router workstation server mobile local ISP regional ISP company network What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view Network Services

  4. Distributed applications: Web, email, games, e-commerce, file sharing Network protocols: used by applications tocontrol sending, receiving of msgs: TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force Communication services provided to apps: Connectionless unreliable connection-oriented reliable What’s the Internet: a service view Network Services

  5. network edge: applications and hosts network core: routers network of networks access networks, physical media: communication links A closer look at network structure: Network Services

  6. end systems (hosts): run application programs e.g. Web, email at “edge of network” Programs in end-systems use the serivce of the Internet to send msgs to each other client/server model client host requests, receives service from always-on server; e.g. web, email peer-peer model: minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Gnutella, KaZaA, Skype, BitTorrent The network edge: Network Services

  7. Physical connectivity of local area networks mesh of interconnected routers Logical connectivity: how is data transferred through net? The Network Core Network Services

  8. “Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs NAPs (Network Access Points) are complex high-speed switching networks often concentrated at a single building. Operated by 3rd party telecom or Internet backbone ISP-1. PoPs (Points of Presence) are private group of routers within each ISP and used to connect it (peer it) with other up/down/equal ISPs and is the new trend in connectivity. NAP Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at public NAPs or private POPs. Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet, tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Internet structure: network of networks Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Network Services

  9. “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems) Tier 3 ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP NAP Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Internet structure: network of networks Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Network Services

  10. Seattle DS3 (45 Mbps) OC3 (155 Mbps) OC12 (622 Mbps) OC48 (2.4 Gbps) Tacoma New York Stockton Cheyenne Chicago Pennsauken Relay Wash. DC San Jose Roachdale Kansas City Anaheim Atlanta Fort Worth Orlando Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint Sprint US backbone network Network Services

  11. ATT Global Backbone IP Network From http://www.business.att.com Network Services

  12. MichNet: Statewide Backbone • Nation’s longest-running regional network • An 2.5 Gigabit (OC48c) backbone, with 24 backbone nodes • Two diverse 2.5 gigabit (2x OC48) to chicago • www.merit.edu/mn Network Services

  13. application: supporting network applications FTP, SMTP, HTTP transport: process-process data transfer TCP, UDP network: host-host data transfer IP link: data transfer between neighboring network elements PPP, Ethernet physical: bits “on the wire” application transport network link physical Internet protocol stack Network Services

  14. network link physical link physical M M Ht Ht M M Hn Hn Hn Hn Ht Ht Ht Ht M M M M Hl Hl Hl Hl Hl Hl Hn Hn Hn Hn Hn Hn Ht Ht Ht Ht Ht Ht M M M M M M source Encapsulation message application transport network link physical segment datagram frame switch destination application transport network link physical router Network Services

  15. Characteristics of Layering • Layering positives: • Each layer relies on services from layer below and exports services to layer above • Interface defines interaction • Hides implementation - layers can change without disturbing other layers (black box) • Layering negatives: duplicate functionality and inter-dependency. Network Services

  16. E-mail Web Instant messaging Remote login P2P file sharing Multi-user network games Streaming stored video clips Internet telephone Real-time video conference Massive parallel computing Examples of Network Services Network Services

  17. Write programs that run on different end systems and communicate over a network. e.g., Web: Web server software communicates with browser software little software written for devices in network core network core devices do not run user application code application on end systems allows for rapid app development, propagation application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical Creating a network app Network Services

  18. Application architectures • Appl arch is designed by appl developers and dictates how the appl is organized over various end-systems • Types of organizations: • Client-server (thin vs thick client) • Peer-to-peer (P2P) • Hybrid of client-server and P2P Network Services

  19. Client/Server Client/Client/Server Web Server (e.g. IIS,Apache) Application Server (e.g. WebSphere) Database Server (e.g. DB2, Oracle) Client-server architecture server: • waits to be contacted • always-on • have permanent IP address • server farms for scaling clients: • initiates communication • can be thin (browser-only) or thick (need more than a browser) • not always-on • may have dynamic IP addresses • do not communicate directly with each other Network Services

  20. Google Data Centers • Estimated cost of data center: $600M • Google spent $2.4B in 2007 on new data centers • Each data center uses 50-100 megawatts of power Network Services

  21. Pure P2P architecture • server is not always-on • arbitrary end systems directly communicate, without passing through special servers • peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses • examples: Gnutella, KaZaa, Bitorrent Highly scalable But difficult to manage P2P file sharing accounts for a major portion of all traffic Network Services

  22. Hybrid of client-server and P2P Napster  Bitorrent • File transfer P2P • File search centralized: • Peers register content at central server • Peers query same central server to locate content Instant messaging • Chatting between two users is P2P • Presence detection/location centralized: • User registers its IP address with central server when it comes online • User contacts central server to find IP addresses of buddies Network Services

  23. Process: program running within a host. within same host, two processes communicate using inter-process communication (IPC) (defined by OS). processes in different hosts communicate by exchanging messages A network appl consists of pairs of processes that send messages to each other over a network The process initiating the comm is labeled as client, and the other waiting to be connected as server Applications with P2P architectures have client processes & server processes A process assumes client and server roles in diff time Processes communicating Network Services

  24. host or server host or server process process socket socket TCP with buffers, variables TCP with buffers, variables Sockets • process sends/receives messages to/from its socket • socket analogous to door • sending process shoves msg out door • sending process relies on transport infrastructure on other side of door which brings message to socket at receiving process • Interface between the appl and transport layer within a host controlled by app developer Internet controlled by OS • Socket API available for developers: (1) choice of transport protocol; (2) ability to fix a few parameters. Everything else handled by the OS • Process naming: hostIP addr + port number. Network Services

  25. Types of messages exchanged, e.g., request & response messages Syntax of message types: what fields in messages & how fields are delineated Semantics of the fields, i.e., meaning of information in fields Rules for when and how processes send & respond to messages Public-domain protocols: defined in RFCs allows for interoperability e.g., HTTP, SMTP Proprietary protocols: e.g., KaZaA Application layer protocol defines Appl-layer protocol is one piece of a network appl. Network Services

  26. Data loss (Reliable transfer) some apps (e.g., audio) can tolerate some loss other apps (e.g., file transfer, telnet) require 100% reliable data transfer Timing some apps (e.g., Internet telephony, interactive games) require low delay to be “effective” (hard real-time) Examples: no real-time (soft real-time)? What services does an application need? • Bandwidth • some apps (e.g., multimedia, bw-sensitive appl) require minimum amount of bandwidth to be “effective” • other apps (“elastic apps”) make use of whatever bandwidth they get. Exampes ?? Network Services

  27. Service requirements of common apps Time Sensitive no no no yes, 100’s msec yes, few secs yes, 100’s msec yes and no Application file transfer e-mail Web documents real-time audio/video stored audio/video interactive games instant messaging Bandwidth elastic elastic elastic audio: 5kbps-1Mbps video:10kbps-5Mbps same as above few kbps up elastic Data loss no loss no loss no loss loss-tolerant loss-tolerant loss-tolerant no loss Network Services

  28. TCP service: connection-oriented: setup required between client and server processes reliable transport between sending and receiving process flow control: sender won’t overwhelm receiver congestion control: throttle sender when network overloaded does not providing: timing, minimum bandwidth guarantees UDP service: unreliable data transfer between sending and receiving process does not provide: connection setup, reliability, flow control, congestion control, timing, or bandwidth guarantee Q: why bother? Why is there a UDP? Internet transport protocols services Network Services

  29. Internet apps: application, transport protocols Application layer protocol SMTP [RFC 2821] Telnet [RFC 854] HTTP [RFC 2616] FTP [RFC 959] proprietary (e.g. RealNetworks) proprietary (e.g., Dialpad) Underlying transport protocol TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP or UDP typically UDP Application e-mail remote terminal access Web file transfer streaming multimedia Internet telephony Real-time applications are often run in UDP: they can tolerate some loss, but require a minimal rate Network Services

  30. E-mail Web and DNS Instant messaging Remote login P2P file sharing Multi-user network games Streaming stored video clips Internet telephone Real-time video conference Massive parallel computing Examples of Network Services Network Services

  31. Web and HTTP • Web Application • Client-server appl that allows clients to obtain documents from web servers on demand • Components: • HTML document format • Web browsers: e.g. IE, firefox • Web servers: e.g Apache, • Appl-layer protocol: HTTP • HTTP protocol Network Services

  32. Web and HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) • Web page consists of objects • Object can be HTML file, JPEG image, Java applet, audio file,… • Web page consists of base HTML-file which includes several referenced objects • Each object is addressable by a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) • Example URL: http://www.someschool.edu/someDept/pic.gif path name protocol host name Network Services

  33. HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol Web’s application layer protocol Stateless Protocol client/server model client: browser that requests, receives, “displays” Web objects server: Web server sends objects in response to requests HTTP 1.0: RFC 1945 HTTP 1.1: RFC 2616 (draft in RFC2068) RFC2617: http authentication RFC2616 revision started in Oct 06 W3.org/protocols/ HTTP overview HTTP request PC running Explorer HTTP response HTTP request Server running Apache Web server HTTP response Mac running Navigator Network Services

  34. Uses TCP (transport layer protocol): client initiates TCP connection (creates socket) to server, port 80 server accepts TCP connection from client HTTP messages (application-layer protocol messages) exchanged between browser (HTTP client) and Web server (HTTP server) TCP connection closed HTTP is “stateless” server maintains no information about past client requests HTTP overview (continued) aside • Protocols that maintain “state” are complex! • past history (state) must be maintained • if server/client crashes, their views of “state” may be inconsistent, must be reconciled Network Services

  35. Nonpersistent HTTP At most one object is sent over a TCP connection. HTTP/1.0 uses nonpersistent HTTP Persistent HTTP Multiple objects can be sent over single TCP connection between client and server. HTTP/1.1 uses persistent connections in default mode Connection established when the 1st web page is requested and used for all subsequent pages/objects requests until a web server timeout value is reached. Either the client or server can close the persistent connection by including the connection-token "close" in the Connection-header field of the http request/reply. HTTP connections Network Services

  36. Suppose user enters URL www.ece.eng.wayne.edu/home.index 1a. HTTP client initiates TCP connection to HTTP server (process) at www.someSchool.edu on port 80 Nonpersistent HTTP (contains text, references to 10 jpeg images) 1b. HTTP server at host www.someSchool.edu waiting for TCP connection at port 80. “accepts” connection, notifying client 2. HTTP client sends HTTP request message (containing URL) into TCP connection socket. Message indicates that client wants object someDepartment/home.index 3. HTTP server receives request message, forms response message containing requested object, and sends message into its socket time Network Services

  37. 5. HTTP client receives response message containing html file, displays html. Parsing html file, finds 10 referenced jpeg objects Nonpersistent HTTP (cont.) 4. HTTP server closes TCP connection. time 6.Steps 1-5 repeated for each of 10 jpeg objects Network Services

  38. initiate TCP connection RTT request file time to transmit file RTT file received time time Response time modeling Definition of RTT (Round Trip Time): time to send a small packet to travel from client to server and back. Response time: • one RTT to initiate TCP connection (always needed) • one RTT for HTTP request and first few bytes of HTTP response to return • file transmission time total = 2RTT+transmit time (depends on file size and bandwidth) Network Services

  39. Nonpersistent HTTP issues: requires 2 RTTs per object OS overhead for each TCP connection browsers often open parallel TCP connections to fetch referenced objects Persistent HTTP server leaves connection open after sending response subsequent HTTP messages between same client/server sent over open connection Persistent without pipelining: client issues new request only when previous response has been received one RTT for each referenced object Persistent with pipelining: default in HTTP/1.1 client sends requests as soon as it encounters a referenced object as little as one RTT for all the referenced objects within the requested web page Persistent HTTP Network Services

  40. HTTP request message • two types of HTTP messages: request, response • HTTP request message: • ASCII (human-readable format) request line (GET, POST, HEAD commands) GET /somedir/page.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.someschool.edu User-agent: Mozilla/4.0 Connection: close Accept-language:fr (extra carriage return, line feed) header lines Compare to Connection: Keep-Alive Carriage return, line feed indicates end of message Network Services

  41. HTTP request message (RFC 2616): general format Network Services

  42. Post method: Web page often includes form input Input is uploaded to server in entity body URL method: Uses GET method Input is uploaded in URL field of request line: Uploading form input www.somesite.com/animalsearch?monkeys&banana Network Services

  43. HTTP/1.0 GET POST HEAD asks server to leave requested object out of response (used mainly for debugging) HTTP/1.1 GET, POST, HEAD PUT uploads file in entity body to path specified in URL field DELETE deletes file specified in the URL field Method types Network Services

  44. HTTP response message status line (protocol status code and phrase) HTTP/1.1 200 OK Connection: close Date: Thu, 06 Aug 1998 12:00:15 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.0 (Unix) Last-Modified: Mon, 22 Jun 1998 …... Content-Length: 6821 Content-Type: text/html data data data data data ... date at web server when file was requested file last modified date header lines data, e.g., requested HTML file Network Services

  45. 200 OK request succeeded, requested object later in this message 301 Moved Permanently requested object moved, new location specified later in this message (Location:) 400 Bad Request request message not understood by server 404 Not Found requested document not found on this server 505 HTTP Version Not Supported HTTP response status codes In first line in server->client response message. A few sample codes: Network Services

  46. 1. Telnet to your favorite Web server: Trying out HTTP (client side) for yourself telnet ece.eng.wayne.edu 80 Opens TCP connection to port 80 (default HTTP server port) at cis.poly.edu. Anything typed in sent to port 80 at cis.poly.edu • 2. Type in a GET HTTP request: By typing this in (hit carriage return twice), you send this minimal (but complete) GET request to HTTP server GET /~czxu/test.html HTTP/1.1 Host: ece.eng.wayne.edu 3. Look at response message sent by HTTP server! Network Services

  47. Many major Web sites use cookies: 1) Persistent: file stays on users PC after closing the browser. 2) Non-Persistent (mostly used in J2EE and .NET platforms): deleted when user closes browser or logs off the web site. Four components: 1) cookie header line of HTTP response message 2) cookie header line in HTTP request message 3) cookie file kept on user’s host, managed by user’s browser 4) back-end database at Web site Example: Susan access Internet always from same PC She visits a specific e-commerce site for first time When initial HTTP requests arrives at site, site creates a unique ID and creates an entry in backend database for ID User-server state: cookies Network Services

  48. client server usual http request msg usual http response + Set-cookie: 1678 Cookie file Cookie file Cookie file amazon: 1678 ebay: 8734 amazon: 1678 ebay: 8734 ebay: 8734 cookie- specific action usual http request msg cookie: 1678 usual http request msg cookie: 1678 usual http response msg usual http response msg cookie- spectific action Cookies: keeping “state” (cont.) server creates ID 1678 for user entry in backend database access access one week later: Network Services

  49. What cookies can bring: authorization shopping carts recommendations user session state (Web e-mail) Cookies (continued) aside • Cookies and privacy: • cookies permit sites to learn a lot about you • you may supply name and e-mail to sites • search engines use redirection & cookies to learn yet more • advertising companies obtain info across sites Network Services

  50. user sets browser: Web accesses via cache browser sends all HTTP requests to cache object in cache: cache returns object else cache requests object from origin server, then returns object to client Web caches (proxy server) Goal: satisfy client request without involving origin server origin server Proxy server HTTP request HTTP request client HTTP response HTTP response HTTP request HTTP response client origin server Network Services

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