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The Effect of Social Capital on Aggression and Delinquency in Maltreated Adolescents

Acknowledgements. Grants CA-90CA1401, 90CA1433, and 90CA1467 from the Administration for Children and Families Grant 1 R01 HD039689 from the National Institute of Child Health

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The Effect of Social Capital on Aggression and Delinquency in Maltreated Adolescents

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    1. The Effect of Social Capital on Aggression and Delinquency in Maltreated Adolescents J. Kotch, M. Black, D. English, A. Litrownik, D. Runyan, R. Thompson, J. Smith, L-C. Lee, B. Margolis, & G. Taneja International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Honolulu, Hawaii September 28, 2010 1 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    2. Acknowledgements Grants CA-90CA1401, 90CA1433, and 90CA1467 from the Administration for Children and Families Grant 1 R01 HD039689 from the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. Special thanks to Terri Lewis & Ali Faiz for statistical support. 2 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    3. Social Capital Defined … features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit. (Putnam 1995) “Social capital keeps bad things from happening to good kids.” (Putnam, 2000) 3 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    4. Community vs. Family Social Capital (Coleman,1988; Ferguson, 2006) Family social capital: relationships between parents & children (time, effort, resources & energy parents invest) Community social capital: family interactions & relationships with surrounding community (both residents and institutions) Social relationships Civic engagement Trust & safety Religiosity 4 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    5. Components of Community Social Capital and Child Well-being Social Relationships Indicators of social capital were associated with positive behavioral outcomes for at-risk preschool children. (Runyan et al., 1998a) 5 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    6. Limitations of Previous Studies Cross-sectional Confounded/combined indicators of family and community social capital Confused social capital and social support 6 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    7. Purpose of the Present Study To determine if informal social control and/or social cohesion & trust reduce aggression & delinquency in a longitudinal cohort of maltreated 12, 14, and 16 year olds 7 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    8. LONGSCAN: Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (Runyan et al., 1998b) A 20-year study of causes & consequences of child maltreatment A consortium of 5 sites (EA, SO, MW, NW, SW) sharing data collection methods, instruments, data management & analysis Face to face interviews at ages 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 Data sources for this study: A-CASI interviews with child subjects and caregivers (ages 12, 14, & 16) CPS records (birth through age 12) 8 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    9. Preliminary Studies Runyan et al. (1998a) found family and community social capital were associated with improved behavioral outcomes for at-risk children. Saluja et al. (2003) did not find that social capital (neighborhood trust, engagement in child-rearing and helpfulness) moderated the association between maltreatment & child depression/anxiety or aggression. Yonas et al. (2010) found collective efficacy (informal social control/neighborhood involvement) moderated the impact of neglect, but not abuse, on aggression at age 12. 9 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    10. Measurement Controls Time invariant - child gender, race, & site Time variant - caregiver education (ages 12, 14, 16) Independent Variables Maltreatment reports - birth through age 12 re-coded using MMCS (English et al., 2005) Caregiver depressive symptoms (Radloff 1997) - ages 12, 14, & 16 Moderator Social capital (Knight et al., 2008) - ages 12, 14, 16 Dependent Variable Child Behavior Checklist Externalizing Behavior (T-Score) - caregiver report based on aggression & delinquency subscales (Achenbach, 1991) - ages 12, 14, & 16 10 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    11. Caregiver Depression in the LONGSCAN sample 11 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    12. Proposed Moderator: Social Capital Quality of Neighborhood, Residential Stability and Organizational & Religious Affiliation (Knight et al., 2008) - has 37 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale (strongly disagree [1] to strongly agree [4]). For the purpose of this study, 10 items corresponding with Collective Efficacy (Sampson et al., 1997) were used to create two subscales: Informal Social Control (5 items; alpha = .82) Example: “How strongly do you agree that neighbors could be counted on to intervene if children were skipping school & hanging out on a street corner?” Social Cohesion and Trust (5 items; alpha = .83) Example: “How strongly do you agree that people around here are willing to help their neighbors?” 12 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    13. Analysis Generalized estimating equations (GEE) a method of analyzing correlated data that otherwise could be modeled as a generalized linear model (Zeger & Liang, 1986) examined the effects of social capital & depression, and their interactions, on externalizing behaviors of maltreated and non-maltreated adolescents 13 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    14. 14 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

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    16. GEE Model 1: Informal Social Control 16 Caregiver Depressive Symptoms significant for maltreated subjects [b=.42 (.16), p =.01] but non-significant for non-maltreated subjects [b = .05 (.21), p = .78] Informal Social Control was non-significant for maltreated subjects [b=.03 (.84), p =.96] & non-maltreated subjects [b = -1.16 (.82), p = .15] Interaction between Informal Social Control and Depressive Symptoms was non-significant for both maltreated [b = -.05 (.05), p = .35] & non-maltreated subjects [b = .06 (.07), p = .34] 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    17. GEE Model 2: Social Cohesion and Trust 17 Caregiver Depressive Symptoms significant for maltreated subjects [b=.65 (.17), p =.00] but non-significant for non-maltreated subjects [b = .27 (.18), p = .13] Social Cohesion and Trust was non-significant for maltreated subjects [p =.82] & non-maltreated subjects [p = .31] Interaction between Social Cohesion and Trust and Depressive Symptoms was significant for maltreated subjects [b = -.13 (.05), p = .01] but non-significant for non-maltreated subjects [p = .89]. 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    18. SCT x DEP Interaction for Maltreated Subjects (p = .01) 18 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    19. Conclusions Neither Informal Social Control nor Social Cohesion & Trust had significant main effects on adolescent aggression & delinquency at ages 12, 14, and 16 among children maltreated before age 12. For subjects maltreated before age 12, high Social Cohesion and Trust significantly reduced the impact of caregiver depressive symptoms on aggression & delinquency at ages 12, 14, & 16. 19 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    20. Limitations and Future Directions Limitations Represents families involved, or at risk of being involved, with the child welfare system Did not analyze maltreatment sub-types Did not assess adolescents perceptions of collective efficacy Did not assess adolescent self-reported delinquency and aggression Future Directions Examine the effects of collective efficacy by type of maltreatment, as well as self reports of maltreatment Examine other behavioral outcomes, such as substance abuse, criminal justice involvement and violence 20 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    21. References Achenbach TM (1991). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry. Black MM, Papas MA, Hussey JM, Dubowitz H, Kotch JB, Starr, RH. Behavior problems among preschool children born to adolescent mothers: effects of maternal depression and perceptions of partner relationships. J Clinical Child Adolesc Psychol 2002;31(1):16-26. Coleman J (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. In: Dasgupta P, Serageldin I, eds. Social capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank; pp. 13–39. Dubowitz H, Black MM, Kerr MA, Hussey JM, Morrel TM, Everson MD, Starr RH. Type and timing of mothers’ victimization: Effects on mothers and children. Pediatrics 2001;107(4):728-735. English D, Bangdiwala K, Runyan D. The dimensions of maltreatment: Introduction. Child Abuse & Neglect 2005;29(5):441-460. Ferguson KM. Social capital and children’s wellbeing: a critical synthesis of the international social capital literature. Int J Soc Welfare 2006;15:2–18. Flaherty EG, Thompson R, Litrownik AJ, Zolotor AJ, Dubowitz H, Runyan DK, English DJ, Everson MD. (2009). Adverse childhood exposures and reported child health at age 12. Academic Pediatrics 2009; 9(3):150-156. 21 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    22. References (cont’d.) Garbarino J, Sherman D. High-risk neighborhoods and high-risk families: The human ecology of child maltreatment. Child Development 1980;51:188–198. Knight ED, Smith JS, Martin L, Lewis T, & the LONGSCAN Investigators (2008). Measures for assessment of functioning and outcomes in longitudinal research on child abuse, volume 3: Early adolescence (ages 12-14). Retrieved from the LONGSCAN web site http://www.iprc.unc.edu/longscan Putnam RD. Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy 1995(Jan);6(1): 65-78. Putnam RD (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster. Radloff LF. Sex differences in depression: The effects of occupation and marital status. Sex Roles 1997;1:249–265. Runyan DK, Hunter WM, Socolar RS, Amaya-Jackson L, English D, Landsverk J, Dubowitz H, Browne DH, Bangdiwala SI, Mathew RM. Children who prosper in unfavorable environments: The relationship to social capital. Pediatrics 1998a;101(1): 12–18. Runyan DK, Curtis P, Hunter W, Black MM, Kotch JB, Bangdiwala S. LONGSCAN: A consortium for longitudinal studies of maltreatment and the life course of children. Aggression & Violent Behavior: A Review Journal 1998b;3:275-285. Saluja G, Kotch J, Lee L-C. Effects of child abuse and neglect: Does social capital really matter? Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2003;15:681-686. 22 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

    23. References cont’d. Sampson RJ, Morenoff JD, Earls F. Beyond social capital: Spatial dynamics of collective efficacy for children. American Sociological Review 1999;64:633–660. Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW, Earls F. Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy. Science 1997;277:918-924. Thompson R. Exploring the link between maternal history of childhood victimization and child risk of maltreatment. J Trauma Practice 2006;5(2):57-72. Yonas MA, Lewis T, Hussey JM, Thompson R, Newton R, English D, Dubowitz H. Perceptions of neighborhood collective efficacy moderate the impact of maltreatment on aggression. Child Maltreatment 2010;15(1):37-47. Zeger SL, Liang, K-Y. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics 1986;42:121-130. Visit www.iprc.unc.edu/longscan/ for more information about LONGSCAN 23 9/28/2010 ISPCAN 2010

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