Revolutions 1/22/13 mrmilewski

1. Revolutions 1/22/13http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Examine the Austrian Hapsburgs and the Prussians. • I. Journal#15 pt.A -Examine the map on p.437 -Answer questions (1-3) p.437 • II. Journal#15 pt.B -notes on Austria & Prussia • III. Homework Friday 1/25/13 1.) Read Chapter#17 section#3 p.430-435 -Answer questions (1-7)* p.435 2.) Chapter#17 section#4 p.436-439 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.439 3.) Read Chapter#17 section#5 p.440-443 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.443 4.) Chapter#17 Review NOTICE: Chapter#17 Test Friday 1/25/13

2. This Week • Parent Teacher Conference Thursday 5-8PM • Chapter#17 Test Friday

3. The Holy Roman Empire 1618 • Voltaire (French Philosopher) said that the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, Roman, nor an Empire. • It was a patchwork of hundreds of small states that paid little attention to the emperor. • The north was Protestant. • The south was Catholic. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Imperial_Circles-2005-10-15-de.png/300px-Imperial_Circles-2005-10-15-de.png

4. The Thirty Years’ War • The war began in Bohemia (Czech Republic) as Ferdinand, the Hapsburg king of Bohemia sought to suppress Protestants and assert royal authority. • In May 1618, a couple of Royal officials were tossed out of a castle window by two Protestant noblemen. • The war began. • With the support of Poland, Spain, and other Catholic nations, Ferdinand sought to roll back the reformation. • The Bohemians were defeated and this caused the Protestant nations of the Netherlands and Sweden to send troops into Germany. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ferdinand2.jpg/200px-Ferdinand2.jpg

5. Europe at War • The once local conflict spread. • Political motives outweighed religious ones as Catholic & Protestant rulers changed alliances to meet their needs. • Example: Catholic France joined Lutheran Sweden against the Catholic Austrian Hapsburgs. • Bands of mercenaries destroyed all in their path. • Murder & torture were followed by famine & disease. • 1/3 of the population of the German states died in the Thirty Years’ War. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/1/12/320px-Battle_of_Lutzen.jpg http://schools-wikipedia.org/images/252/25299.jpg

6. Treaty of Westphalia 1648 • Because so many European powers had been involved, a series of treaties had to be accepted by the exhausted combatants. • They tried to solve all the European problems and international problems as well. • France emerged as the clear winner  • They gained territory in both German and Spanish frontiers. • The Hapsburgs were the losers. The princes of the Holy Roman Empire received almost total independence. • The Netherlands and the Swiss Federation (Switzerland) were established. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/e/e3/300px-The_Ratification_of_the_Treaty_of_Münster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg

7. The Germans • Germany was divided into 360 separate states. • They acknowledged the leadership of the Holy Roman Emperor, but each state had its own government, coinage, state church, armed forces, and foreign policy. • Germany, could have possibly been the most powerful nation in Europe, but it remained divided for another 200 years. http://home.versatel.nl/gerardvonhebel/euro1648.GIF

8. Hapsburg Austria http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/dfg/core/hapsb.jpg

9. Hapsburg Austria • They kept the title of “Holy Roman emperors”, but focused attention on expanding their own territory. • They added Bohemia, Hungary, and later parts of Poland & Italy. • They had many difficulties ruling this diverse empire. • Further difficulties faced the Hapsburgs when Charles VI had no male heir. • When Frederick II of Prussia seized a rich Hapsburg province (Silesia) Maria Theresa looked for help (Hungary, Britain & Russia). • During the eight year war she failed to regain the lost territory, but she preserved the empire and won the support of her subjects. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kaiserin_Maria_Theresia_(HRR).jpg/305px-Kaiserin_Maria_Theresia_(HRR).jpg

10. Revolutions 1/23/13http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Examine “Fit to Rule”. • I. Administrative Stuff -Attendance • II. The Day the Universe Changed -questions on episode#8 “Fit to Rule” • III. Homework Friday 1/25/13 1.) Read Chapter#17 section#3 p.430-435 -Answer questions (1-7)* p.435 2.) Chapter#17 section#4 p.436-439 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.439 3.) Read Chapter#17 section#5 p.440-443 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.443 4.) Chapter#17 Review

11. Revolutions 1/24/13http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Examine the Polish & Czarist Empires. • I. Journal#16 pt.A -Examine the map on p.442 -Answer questions (1-3) p.442 • II. Journal#16 pt.B -finish notes on Prussia & notes on Poland & Russia • III. Homework due TOMORROW! 1.) Read Chapter#17 section#3 p.430-435 -Answer questions (1-7)* p.435 2.) Chapter#17 section#4 p.436-439 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.439 3.) Read Chapter#17 section#5 p.440-443 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.443 4.) Chapter#17 Review • NOTICE: Chapter#17 Test TOMORROW!

12. Prussia • After the Treaty of Westphalia, the Protestant Hohenzollern family united their lands & took over the states that were between them. • They imposed absolute power by reducing the independence of the nobles called Junkers. • They set up an efficient bureaucracy & built the best trained army in Europe. • By 1740, they were strong enough to challenge their neighbor and rival Austria. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/germany/prfrederick.gif “Prussia is not a state which possesses an army, but an army that possesses a state.”

13. Frederick the Great • Frederick II took the throne in 1740. • His dad, Frederick William wanted him to be a soldier, but he preferred playing the flute & writing poetry. • His dad had one of his friends beheaded in front of him for helping the young Frederick with his own interests. • As king, he wasted no time putting this military training to use and expanded the size of the empire. http://artfiles.art.com/images/-/Anton-Graff/Frederick-the-Great-Giclee-Print-C12471506.jpeg

14. The Slavs • Before Mongol invasion, Slaves from central heartland (West Slavs) of Russia migrate into modern day nations (lands) of Poland, Czech Rep, Slovakia. • South Slavs migrate in the Balkans (ancestors of Serbs, Croats, & Slovenes) • Balkans continually invaded by waves of Asian & Germanic people (Huns, Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, Magyars, Germans & Vikings) • Byzantine culture spreads into the Balkans & Russia. http://www.geocities.com/reginheim/slavs.gif

15. Poland • German Knights & missionaries spread Roman Catholic Christianity into Poland, Hungary, & Czech areas. • West Europe’s persecution of the Jews forces them into Poland where the Polish king follows a policy of Jewish tolerance. • Jewish scholars contribute to cultural development of Poland. http://www.state.gov/cms_images/map_poland_flag.jpg

16. Poland • The first king is crowned in 1000AD. • To survive, the new kingdom had to battle German, Russia, & Mongol forces. • This caused the king to centralize power before the neighboring areas did. http://asv.vatican.va/immagini/visit/p_nob/p_nobile_sala3_06.jpg Casimir I, King of Poland (1034-1058), after defeating the enemies, offers his kingdomto Gregory VI (1045-1046), as St. Peter’s pence

17. Poland’s Great Age • Queen Jadwiga of Poland married Duke Jagiello of Lithuania in 1386 united the nations. • The Polish empire stretched from the Baltic to the Black Sea. • The University of Krakow was established.

18. But, • When monarchs in Western Europe & Russia gradually gained power at the expense of the nobles Poland does it backwards. • Without a strong central government to unite Polish nobles, Poles couldn’t fight off invaders (sort of like Rome). http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/Poland1795.jpg

19. Poland’s Last Stand • In 1683, King Jan Sobieski broke the Ottoman siege of Vienna. • This ended the Ottoman advance into Europe. • Over the next century, Poland disappeared from the map entirely. http://www.nyc24.org/2002/issue01/story02/images/sobieski.jpg

20. Prince Vladimir • In 988, the ruler of Kiev, Prince Vladimir converted to Byzantine Christianity (Orthodox). • This caused Russians to be alienated from Western Europeans who were Roman Catholics. http://www.unn.runnet.ru/pic/museum/kresch.jpg

21. Ivan the Great • Ivan III, 1462-1505 • He ended Mongol rule in 1480 (refused to pay any more taxes to them) • Conquered additional land • Built a strong gov’t based on Byzantine ideas • He took the title Czar, Russian for Caesar • He was an autocrat and ruled with absolute power http://www.guidetorussia.org/im/ivan4.jpg

22. Ivan the Terrible • Ivan IV mid 1500s • He was the grandson of Ivan the Great. • He strengthen the power of the autocracy by creating a secret police force & conducting a reign of terror against powerful independent nobles who opposed him. • He expanded Russian boarders & made contact with the west. • He issued laws that bound peasants to the land as a result serfdom took root in Russia while it was on the decline in the West. http://encyclopedia.quickseek.com/images/Kremlinpic4.jpg

23. Peter the Great • Peter I, late 1600s. • Russia fell behind the West following the Renaissance in areas of technology, military power, and empire. • He hired western engineers, shipbuilders, and other technological experts to modernize the Russian army & navy, and build industry. http://www.nndb.com/people/599/000078365/peter-the-great-2-sized.jpg

24. Peter’s Capital • Peter build a new capital city, later known as St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea. • It was to be a window on the West. • When conservative nobles refused to modernize he used force & terror to make them comply. http://cse.unl.edu/~bkell/st-petersburg.jpg

25. Examples • When Russian nobles refused to shave their beards, Peter grabbed a pair of scissors & did it for them. • He insisted that women, who had been kept in isolation, attend public events.

26. Results of Peter’s Reforms • His reforms closed the technology gap between Russia & the west, but didn’t eliminate it. • Later leaders like Catherine the Great (late 1700s) continued Peter’s reforms during the Enlightenment, except when Enlightenment ideas conflicted with her own autocratic rule.

27. Russian Expansion • For years Russian rulers expanded their empires. • Ivan IV opened Siberia to traders & explorers which eventually extended the empire to the pacific. • Peter the Great won the cold water ports of modern day Estonia & Latvia • Catherine the Great won warm water ports on the Black Sea & lands in modern day Poland, Lithuania, & Belarus. http://worldroots.com/brigitte/gifs/cath2russia.jpg

28. The Russian Empire http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/zencmed/targets/maps/mhi/0c8600de.gif

29. Revolutions 1/25/13 http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate Mastery of the Age of Absolutes. • I. Administration Stuff -attendance -distribution of test • II. Chapter#17 Test • III. TBA -TBD

30. Revolutions 1/28/13http://mrmilewski.com • OBJECTIVE: Examine “Making Waves”. • I. Administrative Stuff -Attendance • II. The Day the Universe Changed -questions on episode#9 “Making Waves” • III. Homework due Friday 2/1/13 1.)