Open Source vs. Standard Software – Impacts on Library Infrastructures

1. Open Source vs. Standard Software – Impacts on Library Infrastructures Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias L. Hemmje Faculty for Mathematics and Computer Science, Chair for Multimedia and Internet Applications, University of Hagen and Scientific and Technical Advisor of InConTec GmbH Prague, 10th of May 2010

2. About the Speaker • Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias L. Hemmje • University of Hagen • Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science • Chair for Multimedia and Internet Applications • http://www.lgmmia.fernuni-hagen.de • 18 years of experience in IT R&D on national and international level, >100 Publications • Senior Expert Consultant for BMBF, EC, and R&D spin-offs • 15 years at Fraunhofer IPSI, Darmstadt • Former University Professorships at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and University of Duisburg • Areas of Expertise: HCI, Information Systems, Digital Libraries, Multimedia Archives, Long Term Archival, and Digital Preservation

3. Outline • Open Source vs. Standard Software - What is the difference? • Introduction to Open Source • Free and Open Source Initiatives • Open Source History and Exmples • Potential Benefits, Disadvantages, & Riscs • Make or Buy? Selection & Success Criteria • An exemplar approach in the Library Domain • Concluding Remarks Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

4. Open Source vs. Standard Software - What is the difference? • Standard Software is sold and supported commercially • However, Open Source Software can be sold and/or supported commercially, too. • Perhaps, the term Proprietary Softwareis more correct Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

5. Definitions of Open Source Software (I) Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009 Open sourceis an approach to the design, development, and distribution of software, offering practical accessibility to a software's source code.

6. Definitions of Open Source Software (II) [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009 Some consider Open Source as one of various possible design approaches, while others consider it a critical strategic element of their operations. [1]

7. What is the difference? (I) • Usually the question of Open Source vs. Standard Software is framed as • Linux vs. Microsoft • Innovation vs. Security • etc. Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

8. What is the difference? (II) • However, this is just a simplification from a Marketing Point of view, because … Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

9. Free & Open Source Initiatives … • … have been there for ages and • … have produced various licensing schemes • … are responsible for some of the most radical ICT innovations that man kind has seen so far! Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

10. Free & Open Source Initiatives … • Public domain • Shareware, freeware • Copyrighted but free to use • GNU Public License (GPL) • Creative Commons, Open Source • Other licensing: BSD, Q License, etc. Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

11. Open Source History (I) Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009 Very similar to open standards, researchers with access to the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) used a process called Request for Commentsto develop telecommunication network protocols.

12. Open Source History (II) [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009 Characterized by contemporary open source work, this 1960s' collaborative process led to the birth of the Internet in 1969. [1]

13. Open Source History (III) Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009 There are earlier instances of open source and free software such as IBM's source releases of its operating systems and other programs in the 1950s, 60s, and the SHARE user group that was formed to facilitate the exchange of software.[2][3] [2] Fisher, Franklin M.; James W. McKie, Richard B. Mancke (1983). IBM and the U.S. Data Processing Industry: An Economic History. Praeger. ISBN 0-03-063059-2.  pages 172-179 IBM unbundled (began charging for) software June 23, 1969 [3]Dave Pitts' IBM 7090 support – An example of distrbuted source: Page contains a link to IBM 7090/94 IBSYS source, including COBOL and FORTRAN compilers.

14. Open Source History (IV) Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009 Before the term Open Sourcebecame widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept.

15. Open Source History (V) [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009 The term Open Sourcegained popularity with the rise of the Internet, which provided access to diverse production models, communication paths, and, last but not least interactive communities.[1]

16. Open Source History (VI) Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009 The decision by some people in the free software movement to use the label “open source” came out of a strategy session[4]held at Palo Alto, California, in reaction to Netscape's January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator. [4] ab Tiemann, Michael (September 19, 2006). "History of the OSI". Open Source Initiative. http://www.opensource.org/history. Retrieved on August 23, 2008.

17. Open Source History (VII) Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009 They used the opportunity before the release of Navigator's source code to free themselves of the ideological and confrontational connotations of the term free software. Netscape licensed and released its code as open source under the Netscape Public License and subsequently under the Mozilla Public License.[5] [5] Muffatto, Moreno (2006). Open Source: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Imperial College Press. ISBN 1860946658. 

18. Open Source History (VIII) Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

19. OpenSource Operating Systems Linux Word Processing and Office Applications openOffice Software Development Eclipse JDK Multimedia Content Creation Gimp Web Page Design Typo 3 Examples in both Categories Proprietory Operating Systems • MS Windows, XP, Vista ; SUN Solaris Word Processing and Office Applications • MS Office, Adobe Framemaker Software Development • .net • MS Visual Studio Multimedia Content Creation • Adobe Photoshop Web Page Design • MS Frontpage • Adobe Flash, Dreamweaver Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

20. Potential Benefits of Standard Software • Potential Benefits of deploying to standard software in an application solution: • Understand and comply with the business & technological models of commercial software engineering in a professional environment • Support of standard software / solutions, including services • Compliance with industrial standards Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

21. Potential Benefits of Open Source Software (I) • Availability of source code • Source code to understand and learn from • Do not have to re-invent the wheel • Free as in “freedom” • And sometimes: free as in “gratis” Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

22. Potential Benefits of Open Source Software (II) • Does not depend on vendor • Can choose additional support • Can fix bugs and adapt to change in requirements as well as technology Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

23. Potential Disadvantages and Riscs of Standard Software (I) • Dependent upon a single vendor • What if … • … the vendor disappears from the market? • … the vendor charges too much? • … bug fixing and enhancements not sufficient? • etc. • Monopoly? Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

24. Potential Disadvantages and Riscs of Standard Software (II) • Too much Intellectual Property can be bad for innovation … Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

25. Potential Disadvantages and Riscs of Open Source SW (I) • If source code is not looked at, there is no need to have Open Source SW • There are also bad codes, unqualified persons which use it, etc. Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

26. Potential Disadvantages and Riscs of Open Source SW (II) • Software quality assurance process is widely not transparent • etc. Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

27. Make or Buy? (I)Overall Challenges in the Library Domain Cost Pressure New User Demands Outsourcing/ ASP Cooperations 1st Source Search- Engines (Google) 2 Clicks Web 2.0 Fast Response Consolidation Productivity „Buy instead of Make“ independend Colloborative Competition more e-only Library Personalisation Standardisation Open Systems Dynamic Content Federated Search Open Access High Volume Information Streams Mobil Central Catalogue Virt. Catalogue Digitisation Open Source? Ranking Integration „Recommender“ Information Sharing Quality eJournals eBooks Single sign On eLearning Internet Comfortable GUI Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

28. Make or Buy? (II) Decision Making Dimensions • Cost • Quality • Time • Ressource Availability • Flexibility • Service-Strategy Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

29. Make or Buy? (III) Generic Enterprize Experiences • IT has become a Commodity and is therefore expected to support almost any kind of Enterprize Application like a Service-Center • Significant Cost Pressure requires new positioning: • Which are Core Competences? • Which are Competences that can be supported economically? • Investments „only“ in Core Competences • Increasing Deployment of Standard Software • Implementation of Sourcing-Strategies (ASP, Outsourcing, Cooperations etc.) Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

30. Potential Advantages of building on Open Source Software is „free of cost“ Sourcecode is freely available High Flexibility Own Requirements can be mapped very detailled to Features Open Standards Independency of Providers Potential Disadvantages of building Open Source Full Deployment Risk W.r.t. Completeness and Robustness of Functional Features Development-Know How is bound to human resoures Total Cost of Ownership High Follow-up Cost for Maintenance of Application Features and Interfaces Need for own Support Infrastructure Höhere Schulungskosten No secured follow-up development strategy Need for own Development Resources and Strategy „Time to Market“ pressure Make or Buy? (IV)Open Source – an Alternative for Libraries? Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

31. Make or Buy? (V) There is now Standard Answer ... ... but a set of questions to be systematically analysed and answered as a decision support: • Is IT application developement a Core Competence of the Library? • Does the Library win a Strategic Advantage by means of own IT Developements? • How big is the Functional Delta to features of Standard Software? • Economic Analysis? Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)? • Time to Market – How long until Production? • How are the chances for follow-up funding of necessary further Evolution of the Solution? Is there a Funding Basis/Community? Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

32. Make or Buy? (VI) Economic Criteria and Planning of TCO Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

33. Summary of Selection and Success Criteria Cost Categories • Design Cost • Specification Cost • Implementation Cost • Production Cost • Maintenance/Service Cost • Update/Migration Cost • ∑Total Cost of Ownership Flexibility Dimensions • Expressiveness of the Solution • Granularity of Adaptation to Initial Requirements • Managing Change • Persistency of the Solution Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

34. An Exemplar Approach in the Library Domain: Feature&Demand Profiling and Gap Analysis of Search Platforms used in Library Institutions

35. Application Context • SHAMAN Project Profile • Large-ScaleIntegrated Project • 48 monthsDuration • 1.300 PM effort by a Team of 60 R&D Specialists • 18 Partnersfrom 9 Countries

36. Welcome to the future. Welcome toSHAMAN. www.shaman-ip.eu

37. Feature & Demand Profiling Methodology applied in SHAMAN Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009 Creation of a Multidimensional Decision Support Questionnaire about Features, Demands and other Properties of the solution Production of a Multidimensional Feature Profile Scoring and Ranking Schema Desk-based Research (R&D publications, white papers, marketing material) revealed RTD Feature Space for Open Source and Standard Software systems to be profiled Pre-testing and Adjustment of the Profiling method Interviews on-site or by phone, documentation and crosscheck with interviewees Calculation and Visualization of Profile Scoring and Ranking

38. Feature&Demand-Categories used in the Profiling Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

39. Feature-Category Priorities from Customers’ Point of View Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

40. Excerpt of the Feature-Profiling Questionnaire Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

41. Result Scoring used for Findings Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

42. General Demand-Category Ranking Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

43. Requirements-based Demand Ranking of Prospective Users Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

44. Calculation of Scoring Schema The calculation of the following spider diagrams has been made by the use of the following formula: Answer of the interviewee (points) * Importance of the question (factor) = Volume of points The volume of points has been summarized in Feature Categories The maximum possible feature set represents 100% The results are presented as percentage of the maximum possible feature sets in each category Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

45. Feature Profiling Results of reviewed Search Platforms Commercial 1 Commercial 1 Open Source 1 Open Source 2 Open Source 3 Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

46. Demand Profiling UNI Hagen based on Requirements Commercial systems that have been reviewed Requirements measured with the SHAMAN requirements and scoring Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

47. Methodology applied for the FU Hagen Library Project Creation of a base questionnaire within the SHAMAN project for digital preservation with the focus on library institutions Review of the current situation in Hagen (as is) Prioritization of the future demanded features Generation of a Ranking Schema related to the Hagen Library Requirements (new 100% axis) Mapping of the SHAMAN System Feature-Pr0filing results to the new Ranking Schema Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

48. Requirements measured against System Landscape Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

49. Requirements measured against Commercial System 1 Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009

50. Requirements measured against Commercial System 2 Open Source vs. Commercial Software Impacts on Library Infrastructures – Amsterdam, 5th of October 2009