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Children On The Move

Children On The Move. Child labour and the challenge of child migration – August 2008. CHINA. Child Migration in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India Approximately I million children under 15 years of age have migrated away from home

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Children On The Move

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  1. Children On The Move Child labour and the challenge of child migration – August 2008

  2. CHINA

  3. Child Migration in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India • Approximately I million children under 15 years of age have migrated away from home • On average 3% of children aged 5-14 are away from home (but varies between 0 – 29% across communities) • Source: Edmonds and Salinger 2007

  4. CHILD MIGRATION FOR WORK • Internal and international migration is an increasing component of the supply of child labour • A corollary of globalisation, urbanisation and economic growth • A child protection issue because of the risks of abuse, exploitation and violence facing children on the move and at their destination • But have the policy choices made about children migrating for work always promoted children’s best interests?

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  6. WHO MOVES AND WHY?

  7. WHO? • Internal and international (‘regional’) child migrants • Increasing numbers moving on their own - with or without parental approval • Moving for work or needing work • Majority 13-17 years of age but many much younger • Accompanied and unaccompanied • Voluntary and forced migration • Boys and girls • Not necessarily the poorest (because of the cost of movement and the risks)

  8. WHY DO CHILDREN MOVE? • To remit money or to relieve the family of expenses • As part of a rite of passage or transition to adulthood • Family breakdown, orphanhood, abuse, or violence • To access education or pay for education • To acquire new skills / livelihood options • To gain status among peers (inspired by return migrants) • To access consumer goods • To escape chronic poverty, natural disaster, civil unrest, armed conflict or environmental collapse

  9. CHILDREN’S DECISIONS TO MIGRATE The outcome of a complex interplay between: • macro-level structures (e.g. the urban labour market, poverty dynamics, communications technology, climate change) • micro-level institutions (e.g. the family, other kin, social networks) • individual agency (e.g. children’s aspirations)

  10. ARE CHILDREN ALWAYS THE VICTIMS OF MIGRATION FOR WORK? • Hardship, violence and exploitation are likely BUT • Also a chance to make significant life choices and to improve their opportunities (even if within a constrained decision-making environment) • Involving a trade-off between achieving their goals and the risk of harm in the process • Requiring assessment of the situation in the community of origin as well as that of destination • Giving access to educational or vocational opportunities, etc

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  12. THE POLICY RESPONSE

  13. THE POLICY NEXUS CHILD MIGRATION

  14. CHILDREN ‘OUT OF PLACE’ - A BIAS IN POLICY? • Consensus on the importance of eliminating the worst forms of child migration and child labour • But limited willingness to acknowledge the possibly positive outcomes of migration and work and the role of children’s agency, evolving capacities, and voice. • Leads on occasion to: • reluctance to take steps that could be seen as incentives to child migration (but which might make migration safer or easier) • Emphasis on the negative aspects of child migration • Confusion of all migration with ‘trafficking’ • Protection interventions that create unintended negative impacts

  15. INTERMEDIARIES – EXPLOITIVE OR PROTECTIVE? • Intermediaries – a continuum from brokers, recruitment agents, and smugglers, to relatives or friends • An important service (negotiating employment, borders, transport, settlement, documents, etc) • A wide range of motives – from the criminal, through the financial, to the benign • Trafficking policies that regard intermediaries as necessarily exploitative may increase children’s vulnerabilities, encourage more clandestine migration, and discourage better intentioned individuals

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  18. WHAT IS NEEDED?

  19. Acknowledgment of: • The scale and nature of child migration for work • The role of children’s agency and their evolving capacities • The right of child migrants’ experiences and views to be heard in policy-making • The positive outcomes as well as the risks of child migration • Children’s migration for work to become more of a priority consideration in child labour policies and programmes. • Policies to reflect the diversity of outcomes for child migrants and to offer support as well as protection • Policies to be age-appropriate and to balance protection and guidance with support to independence and increased responsibility.

  20. Child impact assessment of policies and programmes towards children on the move to ensure that they are not making children more vulnerable or further constraining their choices • Learning lessons from existing programmes to support targeted groups of migrant and non-migrant children (e.g. children living on the street; child domestic workers) • Evidence-based policy based on a best interests determination that includes children’s own views • Better alignment of policy towards child migrants with policy-making on child labour, child protection, migration, poverty-reduction and economic growth.

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  23. Thank you for listening Bill Bell, Head of Child Protection, Save the Children UK Email: b.bell@savethechildren.org.uk

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