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THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM

THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM. 206 (??) BONES. SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS. Provides shape and support. Lets you move. Protects internal organs. Produces blood cells. Store certain materials until needed. CRANIUM (red). 21 bones joined by sutures. Functions to protect the brain.

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THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM

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  1. THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 (??) BONES

  2. SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS • Provides shape and support. • Lets you move. • Protects internal organs. • Produces blood cells. • Store certain materials until needed.

  3. CRANIUM (red) • 21 bones joined by sutures.Functions to protect the brain. • A skull is made up of 2 parts: cranium and mandible. • In some animals, the skull also has a defensive function as it’s where horns are mounted.

  4. MANDIBLE (green) • Forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place.

  5. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (orange) • 7 vertebrae forming the neck. • Number of cervical vertebrae can vary among vertebrates but for mammals the number is almost always 7. This includes mammals with short necks such as elephants, and long necks such as giraffes.

  6. THORACIC VERTEBRAE (red) • 12 vertebrae that anchor the ribs in place. • They increase in size as you move down the spinal column. • “Thorax” is from a Greek word meaning “breastplate” and is the part of an animal’s body between the head and abdomen.

  7. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE (blue) • The 5 vertebrae of the lower back. These are the largest and strongest of the movable parts of the spinal column. • These vertebrae receive the most stress and are the weight-bearing part of the back.

  8. SACRUM (green) • By your mid-20s, these are 5 fused vertebrae at the base of your spine, inserted like a wedge between your hip bones. Weight-bearing. • Directed more backward in females, increasing the size of pelvic cavity. • From a Latin word for “sacred” as this was supposedly the part of an animal offered for sacrifice.

  9. COCCYX (yellow) • The final segment of spinal column, commonly called the tailbone. Important for muscle attachments. Weight bearing when you lean back. • All mammals have a tail at some point in their development. Most prominent in ~30 day old embryos.

  10. HIPS (red) • Also called innominate bone or coxal bone, these the 3 fused bones protect the reproductive organs and rectum. • Weight-bearing when you lean forward. • Finishes fusing in about 7th grade!

  11. SCAPULA (green) • Shoulder blade – connects the arm to the collarbone, and is the attachment site for about 20 muscles. • Only fractures when severe chest trauma occurs.

  12. CLAVICLE (red) • Collarbone – keeps the scapula in position so that the arm can hang freely. • First bone to begin ossifying (6week embryo) and last to finish (~25 yrs)

  13. STERNUM (blue) • Breastbone – connects the ribs in front forming the ribcage to protect the heart and lungs. • Xiphoid Process is the lower extension, and should be avoided during CPR.

  14. RIBS (yellow) • 12 pairs of long curved bones that protect the heart and lungs. The top 7 pairs are connected directly to the sternum. • One site of blood production in adults. • Snakes can have up to 400 pairs of ribs.

  15. FLOATING RIBS (green) • Bottom two pairs of ribs, attached to vertebrae only. • Some people are missing one of the 2 pairs, others have a 3rd pair. (I read this, but couldn’t find a picture.)

  16. HUMERUS (red) • Longest bone in the arm, runs from shoulder to elbow. • Radial nerve runs very close to humerus and is in danger of injury in bad breaks.

  17. RADIUS (blue) • The shorter of the 2 forearm bones. Located on the thumb-side. • Biceps muscle is connected to the radius. • Primarily contributes to the wrist joint, so it most frequently broken in falls.

  18. ULNA (green) • Elbow bone with over 10 muscle attachments including those to extend/flex the wrist and some fingers.

  19. CARPALS (orange) • Cluster of 8 bones in the wrist. • Having individually movable carpal bones increases the range of movements at the wrist, giving us excellent hand control.

  20. METACARPALS (black) • 5 bones of the hand.

  21. PHALANGES (red) • Bones of the fingers and toes. • Our phalangeal formula(not his ) is 3 3 3 3 2.

  22. FEMUR (blue) • Thigh bone – our longest and largest bone, it can support up to 30 times our weight.

  23. PATELLA (black) • Kneecap. Protects the knee joint and aids in knee extension. • Largest of the sesamoid bones.

  24. TIBIA (red) • Shinbone (shankbone) is the larger and stronger of the 2 bones in lower leg. • Strongest weight bearing bone in the body. (70x body weight?)

  25. FIBULA (green) • Calf bone - connected to femur by lateral collateral ligament (LCL) • Most slender bone in proportion to its length. • From Latin word meaning a clasp or brooch because it resembles a clasp like a safety pin.

  26. TARSALS (orange) • Cluster of 7 bones in the ankle. • Largest of these bones is the calcaneus, which is the weight bearing bone in the heel of the foot.

  27. METATARSALS (black) • The 5 bones of the foot that connect the tarsals to the phalanges. • No individual names, they are just numbered 1st thru 5th starting on the big toe side. • The 5th metatarsals can be broken if the foot is oversupinated.(Opposite of pronated.)

  28. PHALANGES (red) • Bones of the fingers and toes. • Our phalangeal formula(not his ) is 3 3 3 3 2.

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