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The High (Late) Middle Ages

Royal Power Notes. The High (Late) Middle Ages. Objectives. The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by Describing the emergence of nation-states and distinctive political developments in each

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The High (Late) Middle Ages

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  1. Royal Power Notes The High (Late) Middle Ages

  2. Objectives • The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by • Describing the emergence of nation-states and distinctive political developments in each • Identify patterns of crisis and recovery related to the Black Death • Questions • How did European nation-states expand their territories and consolidate their power? • How did the Black Death alter economic and social institutions in much of Asia and then in Europe?

  3. William the Conqueror (England)  1066 • Had Domesday Book compiled  1086 census, listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England (tax collecting system) • Called that because no one could escape • Helped William plan taxes • Created a royal exchequer, or treasury • Battle of Hastings  William the Conqueror defeated Harold and assumed the crown of England • Led the Norman conquest • United England • Exerted firm control over his lands • Granted fiefs to the church and his Norman lords • Monitored the building of castles • Required every vassal to swear first allegiance to him

  4. William of Normandy

  5. Henry II (England)  1154 • Broadened system of royal justice • Reigned from 1154- 1189 A.D. • Energetic and well-educated • Increased criminal cases heard by King • Common Law  decisions of royal courts, law that was the same for all people • Jury System  a group of men sworn to speak the truth, determined which cases should be brought to trial • Established early jury system, group of men sworn to speak the truth • Tried to limit role of church • Had Thomas a Becket beheaded • Was archbishop of Canterbury • Henry had to back down from challenging the church • Married Eleanor of Aquitaine • Dowry included French lands

  6. Henry II

  7. Thomas A Becket

  8. John (England)  1200 • Henry’s son King John was clever, but greedy and cruel • Lost war against Philip II • Lost land in France and battled with Pope over Canterbury • gave up English lands in Anjou and Normandy • Nobles resented growing power of the King • Rebellion occurred • Signed Magna Carta (1215) • Nobles had certain rights  overtime these rights were extended to all English citizens • The monarch must obey the law • Basis of the right known as “due process of law” • King Edward I, representative government was developed • Called the English Parliament • Granted taxes and passed laws • Usually made of two knights from every county

  9. The French Kingdom • 843 A.D. Carolingian Empire was divided into three sections • Frankish lands, were mainly France • 987 A.D. the last Carolingian king died • Kings afterwards had little power • Dukes were more powerful • Royal domain only included Paris, called Ile-de-France • Hugh Capet 987 C.E. • Count of Paris who increased royal power and built an effective bureaucracy • Government officials collected taxes • Imposed royal law • Backed middle class townspeople • Made the throne hereditary and won the support of the Church • Added to French royal lands

  10. The French Kingdom • King Phillip Augustus (Phillip II) • Reigned from 1180- 1223 • Turning point for French monarchy • Waged war against England • Reclaimed much of Normandy as well as parts of Anjou • Expanded territory and wealth, as well as power • By 1300 France was largest and best governed state in Europe • Paid middle-classmen to government positions instead of appointing nobility • Granted charters for new towns, organized a standing army and created a national tax • By 1233 Philip was the most powerful ruler in Europe

  11. Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain)  1492 • 1469 Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon • Created a unified state • Combined forces to finally expel the Muslims • 1492 completed the Reconquista with the capture of Granada • Isabella ended Muslim policy of religious toleration • Supports the Inquisition • Court to accuse people of heresy • Jews and Muslims attacked and burned at the stake • Isabella expelled Jews in 1492 and Muslims that didn’t convert by 1502 • The Spanish Empire expanded under Charles V

  12. Ivan III (Russia)  1462-1505 • Until 1480 Mongols dominated the Rus • Ivan refused to pay tribute to Mongols • Wanted to create a seat of Christian power • Overthrew Mongols • Created centralized government • Increased Russia's landholdings • Established absolute rule in Russia (Czar)

  13. Global Epidemic – The Black Death • Black Death – Bubonic Plague • Disease spread by fleas on rats • Spread from Asia to Europe (trade routes) • Fleas jumped from rats to infest the clothes and packs of traders traveling west • Took four years to reach all parts of Europe

  14. Terrible Death • Unsanitary conditions in towns and homes guaranteed the disease would spread • Symptoms – swelling, black bruises, heavy sweats, & convulsive coughing • People spat blood and stank terribly (rotting flesh)

  15. Effects of the Plague • Economic • Town populations fell • Trade declined • Workers were scare • Farmland abandoned • Serfs unpaid • Manorial system crumbled • Peasant revolts against nobility in England, France, Italy, and Belgium • Social • Pessimistic outlooks • Some people turned to magic and witchcraft for cures • Massive migration • Religious • Church lost prestige • Clergy took advantage of performing funerals • Christians blamed the Jews for the plague • Some saw the plague as God’s punishment – beat themselves with whips to show repentance for their sins

  16. The Hundred Years’ War The High (Late) Middle Ages

  17. Causes • Edward III (English King) claimed the French throne in 1337 • The became known as the “Hundred Years War” because it was fought on and off from 1337- 1453 C.E. • Fought mainly on French soil

  18. Events of the War • At first, England won a string of victories • they owed their success to the longbow • discharged three arrows at a time and its arrows pierced all but the heaviest armor • 1st victory at the Battle of Crecy August 26, 1346 C.E. • English archers and footsoldiers destroyed the arrogant French knights • Poitiers • English Victory in 1347 C.E. • Again English longbows prevailed • The French King and his son were captured and held for ransom • Agincourt • 1415 C.E. English Victory • 6000 English versus 20- 30,000 French • Success of longbow key

  19. Joan of Arc • It looked like England would win the war • French and English had signed a treaty allowing Henry V to inherit French crown • In 1429 C.E. Joan of Arc convinced the French King to let her lead his army against the English • Battle of Orleans • Unified French troops/ nation

  20. More Events of the War • The English captured Joan of Arc, tried her for witchcraft, and burned her at the stake • French viewed Joan as a martyr (strengthened their cause) • French went on the offensive after Joan’s death – used the cannon (new weapon) to attack the English

  21. Results • France – created a growing sense of nationalism in France and allowed French Kings to expand their power • England – forced the English Kings to rely heavily on Parliament to fund the war (England lost its French lands – what remained) • “Power of the purse” • End of the Middle Ages

  22. Objectives • The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by • Describing the emergence of nation-states and distinctive political developments in each • Identify patterns of crisis and recovery related to the Black Death • Questions • How did European nation-states expand their territories and consolidate their power? • How did the Black Death alter economic and social institutions in much of Asia and then in Europe?

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