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Psychology

Psychology. Ch. 2 - Neuroscience & Behavior. Neural Communication. Biological Psychology branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior Neuron a nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system. Neural Communication. Neural Communication.

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Psychology

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  1. Psychology Ch. 2 - Neuroscience & Behavior

  2. Neural Communication • Biological Psychology • branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior • Neuron • a nerve cell • the basic building block of the nervous system

  3. Neural Communication

  4. Neural Communication • Action Potential • a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon • Threshold • the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse • Synapse • Neurotransmitters • chemical messengers travel the synaptic gaps between neurons

  5. Neural Communication

  6. Neurotransmitter molecule Receiving cell membrane Agonist mimics neurotransmitter Receptor site on receiving neuron Antagonist blocks neurotransmitter Neural Communication

  7. Neural Communication • Acetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen] • a neurotransmitter that also triggers muscle contraction • Endorphins [en-DOR-fins] • “morphine within” • natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters

  8. Nervous system Peripheral Central (brain and spinal cord) Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) The Nervous System

  9. The Nervous System

  10. The Nervous System

  11. The Brain • Brainstem • the oldest part and central core of the brain, • Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] • base of the brainstem • controls heartbeat and breathing • Reticular Formation • a nerve network in the brainstem

  12. The Brain • Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] • the brain’s sensory switchboard • Cerebellum [sehr-uh-BELL-um] • the “little brain” • it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance

  13. Electroencephalogram (EEG) • an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface

  14. The Brain • Computed Tomography (CT) Scan • a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. Also called CAT scan • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan • a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

  15. The Limbic System

  16. The Brain • Limbic System • associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex • Amygdala[ah-MIG-dah-la] • two almond-shaped neural clusters that are linked to emotion • Hypothalamus • directs several maintenance activities • eating • drinking • body temperature • helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland • is linked to emotion

  17. The Cerebral Cortex

  18. The Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral Cortex • the body’s ultimate control and information processing center • Glial Cells • cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

  19. The Cerebral Cortex • Frontal Lobes • involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments • Parietal Lobes • include the sensory cortex • Occipital Lobes • include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field • Temporal Lobes • include the auditory areas

  20. The Cerebral Cortex

  21. Visual and Auditory Cortex

  22. Specialization and Integration

  23. Specialization and Integration • Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

  24. Brain Reorganization • Plasticity • the brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development

  25. Corpus callosum Our Divided Brain • Corpus Callosum • large band of neural fibers • connects the two brain hemispheres • carries messages between the hemispheres

  26. Split Brain “What word did you see?” or “Point with your left hand to the word you saw.” Two words separated by a dot are momentarily projected. “Look at the dot.” Split Brain

  27. The Endocrine System • Endocrine System • the body’s “slow” chemical communication system

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