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POWER OF EVIDENCE

POWER OF EVIDENCE. Physical Evidence Refers to any material items that would be present at the crime scene, on the victims, or found in the suspect’s possession. Trace Evidence

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POWER OF EVIDENCE

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  1. POWER OFEVIDENCE

  2. Physical Evidence Refers to any material items that would be present at the crime scene, on the victims, or found in the suspect’s possession Trace Evidence Refers to physicalevidence that is found in small but measureable amounts, such as strands of hair, fibers, or skin cells TYPES OF EVIDENCE

  3. Locard’s Exchange Principle – 1910 “with contact between two items, there will be an exchange” EVERY CONTACT LEAVES A TRACE

  4. EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

  5. PAINT • Can be analyzed and used for matching evidence to a suspect • Physical and chemical analysis of paint can indicate it’s • Class characteristics • type of paint (auto, house, nail polish, etc) • Individual characteristics • Color • Number of layers • Chemical composition • Physical features of paint chips (size, edges, etc)

  6. Particles found at various crime scenes Breaking and entering Hit and run Vandalism Murder Analyzed to determine properties Color Tint Thickness Density Chemical composition Refractive Index (RI) GLASS

  7. Materials used Compared to evidence found in suspect’s possession Traces of explosive material Connect suspect to crime scene Chemical analysis Determines type of explosive material Origin EXPLOSIVES

  8. Characteristics examined to find matches between suspects and evidence at crime scene Ammunition Firearms Residue Chemical tests GSR Rifling Distinctive marks from gun barrel on fired bullets National Integrated Ballistics Identification System NIBIS (NIBIN) BALLISTICS

  9. When object is broken, torn, or cut two unique edges (fracture lines) formed Compared to see if once part of same object Tape Glass fragments Paint chips Pieces from a car FRACTURE MATCHES

  10. IMPRESSION EVIDENCE

  11. Photographed Lifted with tape Cast with dental plaster Identify the brand of shoe or tire Wear patterns are individual Nicks, scratches, cuts SICAR (shoeprint image capture and retrieval) SHOEPRINTS AND TIRE TRACKS

  12. Teeth are unique due to age and wear Impressions Photographs Compared to dental records Evidence from bites left on Victim Assailant Other objects BITE MARKS

  13. Tiny nicks and chips form on edges of tool when it is used Nicks and chips are used to identify matches between evidence and suspects Traces of blood Fingerprints TOOL MARKS

  14. Blood Semen Saliva Sweat Urine Chemicals and UV lights used to find body fluids at crime scene Swabbed Bagged Collected in vials BODY FLUIDS

  15. Extracted from almost any tissue DNA profile created Compared to suspects or victims CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) DNA

  16. 3 Types Arches Loops Whorls Unique Ridge Patterns Minutiae AFIS or IAFIS (Integrated) Automated Fingerprint Identification System FINGERPRINTS

  17. Transferred from suspect-to-victim or victim-to-suspect Tested for Origin Human or other mammals Hairs with follicle (root) attached – tested for DNA Fibers (natural or synthetic) Clothing Carpeting Furniture HAIRS & FIBERS

  18. Can be matched to weapons or tool marks on the weapon May also determine Weapon’s size Shape Length Wound analysis Suspect’s Height Handedness Strength Victim’s and suspect’s positions WOUNDS

  19. Can reveal where a person has traveled Picked up at crime scene Left behind Examined for Chemical composition Pollen Plants Other organic matter to link to a specific crime scene DUST & DIRT

  20. Cause of death Victim’s life history DNA Bone, teeth, hair Characteristics of victim Sex (pelvis, humerus, femur) Age and Stature (teeth, bone growth, length of femur) Race (skull and teeth) SKELETAL REMAINS

  21. Evidence from Type of paper used Printing method Handwriting style Type of ink Watermarks Indentations on a paper QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

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