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第三部分 汉译英的标准与可译度

第三部分 汉译英的标准与可译度. 第一节 翻译的标准. 一、翻译的标准说 严复 的 “信、达、雅” 三字标准, 鲁迅 先生的 “兼顾两面” 论, 钱钟书 先生的 “化境” 说, 茅盾 先生的 “忠实”、“通顺” 准则, 英国人 泰特勒 的 三原则 和 美国的 奈达 博士的 “动态对等” 标准。. 1 .严复三字标准与三原则 我国清末翻译家 严复 1895 年在其 《 天演论译例言 》 中提出的 “信、达、雅” 三字标准,几乎成为我国翻译界的经典理论。他说:

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第三部分 汉译英的标准与可译度

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  1. 第三部分汉译英的标准与可译度

  2. 第一节 翻译的标准 • 一、翻译的标准说 • 严复的“信、达、雅”三字标准, • 鲁迅先生的“兼顾两面”论, • 钱钟书先生的“化境”说, • 茅盾先生的“忠实”、“通顺”准则, • 英国人泰特勒的三原则和 • 美国的奈达博士的“动态对等”标准。

  3. 1.严复三字标准与三原则 • 我国清末翻译家严复1895年在其《天演论译例言》中提出的“信、达、雅”三字标准,几乎成为我国翻译界的经典理论。他说: • “译事三难:信、达、雅。求其信已大难矣,顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉。……译文取明深义,故词句之间,时有所颠到附益,不斤斤于字比句次,而意义则不倍本文。……至原文词理本深,难于共喻,则当前后引衬,以显其意。凡此经营,皆以为达,为达即所以为信也。 • 《易》曰:修辞立诚。子曰:辞达而己。又曰:言之无文,行之不远。三者乃文章正轨,亦即为译事楷模。故信、达而外,求其尔雅。”

  4. 林语堂为翻译定下了三个标准:忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准。林语堂为翻译定下了三个标准:忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准。 • “这翻译的三重标准,与严氏的‘译事三难’大体上是正相比符的。” • 他认为信达雅的问题实质是: • 第一,译者对原文方面的问题; • 第二,译者对译文方面的问题; • 第三。是翻译与艺术文的问题。换言之,就是译者分别对原作者、译文读者和艺术的责任问题。三样的责任齐备者、才有真正译家的资格。(林语堂《论翻译》,1932)

  5. 英国历史学教授泰持勒 (A. Tytler) 在18世纪未提出三条类似原则: • (1)译文应完全复写出原作的思想。 • (2)译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。 • (3)译文应和原文同样流畅。(《论翻译原则》) • 1979年,刘重德教授参考中外各家意见,取其精华,并结合个人的翻译实践,把翻译原则概括为 “信、达、切”三个字: • (1)信一一保全原文意义; • (2)达-- 译文通顺易懂; • (3)切——切合原文风格。

  6. 2.“动态对等”与“感受”说 • 美国翻译理论家奈达博士(E.A.Nida)在其《翻译理论与实践》一书中将读者(译文受众)引入翻译标准,提出了“动态对等”(dynamic equivalence,后称“功能对等”(functional equivalence)的翻译原则,指出翻译就是“用最贴切、最自然的对等的译入语从语义和文体两方面再现原文信息”的过程,动态对等的标准就是译文的读者和原文的读者在感受上基本相同。

  7. 我国范仲英教授进一步阐明了“感受”标准,他说:“把原文信息的思想内容及表现手法,用译语原原本本地重新表达出来,使译文读者能得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。我国范仲英教授进一步阐明了“感受”标准,他说:“把原文信息的思想内容及表现手法,用译语原原本本地重新表达出来,使译文读者能得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。 • 傅雷: “神似” • 钱钟书: “化境”

  8. 3.“意义”标准说 • 利奇(Geoffrey Leech)把翻译定义为“在另一语言中寻找同义语”的活动,可谓“意义标准”说。 • (1) 概念意义(conceptual meaning); • (2) 内涵意义 (connotative meaning); • (3) 社会意义(social meaning); • (4) 情感意义(affective meaning); • (5) 反映意义(reflected meaning); • (6) 搭配意义(collocative meaning); • (7) 主题意义(thematic meaning)。

  9. 4. 信息论标准与多元互补论 • 信息论标准要求译文“把原作的信息完整、准确地转移到目标语言当中,并最大限度地传递给读者”。其中译文对原文信息的包含程度称为信富的等价性、译文读者通过译文获得原作信息的程度称作信息的传递性。等价性与传递性相辅相成,合称翻译的二元基本标准。 • 辜正坤教授提出了翻译标准多元互补理论。他认为翻译的最高标准是“最佳近似度”,下统一大群具体的标准、其中还可再区别出主要标准与次要标准。所有这些标准都是相对的、可变的,根据翻译的内容、题材的不同可加以调整、做出取舍、重新组合。比如科技作品的翻译标准不应该与文学作品的翻译标准完全一样,法律文献的翻译标准不能等同于电影剧本的翻译标准。

  10. 二、翻译标准的运用 • 我国外文出版发行事业局关于翻译标准的意见 • 1.译文必须忠实于原文。这是指忠实于原文的意思和风格,也就是把中文内容用外文正确地表达出来。 • “各种不同内容的文章,各有各的体裁和专门术语,翻译马克思列宁夫义经典著作必须采用马克思列宁主义的术语和表达方法;翻译文艺作品、必须使用文学语言。” • 2.译文必须是流畅的外文。译文必须合乎译入外文的语言习惯.让使用这种民族语言的读者正确了解原意。如果不尊重外文的语法习惯,把中文的某些特殊的语法结构瞎搬到译文中去,读者就会看不懂。

  11. 翻译标准既有规范性又有灵活性,译者应根据不同类型、不同性质的内容严格而又灵活地掌握。例如:翻译标准既有规范性又有灵活性,译者应根据不同类型、不同性质的内容严格而又灵活地掌握。例如: • 从小儿三灾八难,花的银子也照样打出你这么个银人儿来。(《红搂梦》) • You’ve had one trouble after another since you were a boy, the money we’ve spent on you would make a silver statue bigger than you.

  12. 三、译文评估 • 译文的信度(即对原文忠实之程度)用0一1之间的数值表示(最低为0,最高为1)。 • (一) 句法结构 • 原文:他昨天来过这儿了。 • 译文I:He came here yesterday. [1] • 译文II:Yesterday he came here.[0.9]

  13. (二) 词义搭配 • 原文:人大代表一行五人于春节前视察了这个福利中心。 • 译文I:A group of five people’s congress representatives inspected this welfare center on the eve of the Spring Festival. [1] • 译文II:A group of five people’s congress representatives visited this welfare center on the eve of the Spring Festival. [0.8]

  14. (三) 修辞色彩 • 原文:香港总督尤德爵士今晨于北京逝世。 • 译文I:Sir Edward Youde,Governor of Hong Kong, passed away in Beijing this morning.[1] • 译文 II :Sir Edward Youde,Governor of Hong Kong, breathed his last in Beijing this morning.[0.6] • 译文III :Sir Edward Youde,Governor of Hong Kong, kicked the bucket in Beijing this morning.[0.4]

  15. (四) 风格层次 • 原文:我不善于讲话,也不习惯发表演说,我一生就没做过教师。 • 译文I:I’m not good at talking, and I’m not used to giving lectures. I’ve never done any teaching either. [1] • 译文II:Talking is not my province, nor is lecturing; nor have I taken up teaching as my profession, either. [0.7]

  16. (五) 逻辑结构 • 原文:己所不欲,勿施于人。 • 译文I:Do not do unto others what you do not want to be done by. [1] • 译文II:Do unto others as you would be done by. [o.5]

  17. (六) 形象变通 • 原文:瞧你像只落汤鸡! • 译文I:You look like a bedraggled chicken! [0.8] • 译文II:You look like a drowned rat! [1] • 译文III:Look! You’re wet through.[0.8]

  18. (七) 心理转换 • 原文:这是一篇八股文。 • 译文I:This is a bagu essay. [0.2] • 译文II:This is an eight-legged essay. [0.3] • 译文III:This is a stereotyped writing. [0.5]

  19. (八) 社会规范 • 原文:劳驾,去市场将怎么走? • 译文I:Excuse me, but could you show me the way to Market Street? [1] • 译文II:I beg you pardon, sir. Will you be so kind as to tell me how to reach Market Street? [0.8] • 译文III: Chap, tell me how to get to Market Street. [0.6]

  20. (九) 双关语义 • 原文:骄阳下,柳树上,回答他的是知了的叫声。(毛炳甫《剥香蕉皮》) • 译文I:Under the scorching sun, from the willow tree, came the confirming reply of the cicada’s chirrup: “See, see ….” [0.9] • 译文II:… came the cicada’s chirruping, “zing-a-zing-a ….” [0.5] • 译文III:… came the cicada’s reply, “I See, I see ….” [0.7] • 译文IV:… came the cicada’s reply, “I know, I know ….” [0.4]

  21. (十) 语义连贯 • 原文:昨奉大函,诵悉一是。尊稿极佳;唯篇幅甚长,本志地位有限,故不克刊登。良用歉然。 • 译文I:I received your letter yesterday. I read it and noted its contents. Your article is very good. But it is very long. This magazine has only limited space. Therefore I cannot publish your article. I am very sorry. [0.7] • 译文II:I received your letter yesterday. Your article is very good, but I am sorry that owing to pressure of space, I find it too long to be published. [0.9]

  22. 第二节 可译度与可译性限度 • 一、可译度 • 可译度指的是从一种语言译成另一种语言时原文信息被传达的程度。 • 如果翻译在内容和形式两方面都作要求,翻译的难度便大大增加,甚至达到不可译的程度。 • 最典型的例子是诗歌的翻译。诗歌是音韵、词语、句式、意境诸方面的有机结合体,要译好虽然不是不可能.但十分困难。下面是辜正坤教授翻译的毛泽东诗词片段:

  23. 沁园春·雪 • 北国风光,千里冰封,万里雪飘。 • 望长城内外,唯馀茫茫;大河上下,顿失滔滔。 • 山舞银蛇,原驰蜡象,欲与天公试比高。 • Snow • To the tune of Spring Beaming in Garden • What a scene is in the north found! • A thousand li of the earth is ice-clad aground, • Ten thousand li of the sky is snow-bound. • Behold! At both sides of the Great Wall • An expanse of whiteness conquers all; • In the Yellow River, up and down, • The surging waves are gone! • Like silver snakes the mountains dance, • Like wax elephants the highlands bounce, • All try to be higher than heaven even once! • ——汉英对照《毛泽东诗词》,北京大学出版社,l 993。

  24. 可译度障碍在诗歌的翻译当中表现得比较明显。可译度障碍在诗歌的翻译当中表现得比较明显。 • 凡涉及内容与形式相统一的翻译均会遇到类似的难题。此时,要么牺牲原文部分形式,要么牺牲部分意义.要么通过变通、阐释等手段绕过矛盾。 • 钱歌川:通过巧译和活译解决内容与形式的统一问题:

  25. 胡太太叹了口气;看见胡国光还是一肚子心事似的踱方步。胡太太叹了口气;看见胡国光还是一肚子心事似的踱方步。 • “张铁嘴怎么说的?”胡太太惴惴地问。 • "很好。不用瞎担心事了。我还有委员的福份!” • “么事的桂圆?” • “是委员!从前行的是大人老爷,现在行委员了!你还不明白?” ——(茅盾《动摇》) • Madame Hu gave a sigh and watched her husband anxiously pacing about as before. • “What did Chang Tieh-tsui say?” she asked timidly. • “He gave me very good news. We need not look for trouble. I have the possibility of being a member of a member of a Committee!” • “What’s a common tea?” asked the wife, who only vaguely caught the sound. • “A committee! Lords and esquires are out of date, and the prevailing nomination is to a Committee. Don’t you still understand?”

  26. 二、文化因素的限制 • 文化是决定可译度的另一大因素。一篇文章的可译度,与其文化含量呈反比。 • 可译度在物质文化方面表现为词语的空缺,如 “水饺” 通过音译把汉语的词借过去。 • 功能相似的词语,但各自的文化内涵不同。“猫哭耗子”和“shed crocodile tears”、 “豺狼一样凶狠”和“as fierce as sharks” • 亲属文化词语方面,也存在可译性障碍。 • “来福哥”, “Brother Laifu”,

  27. 精神文化方面,由于语言间的对应空缺和似是而非的对应,可译性难度较大。精神文化方面,由于语言间的对应空缺和似是而非的对应,可译性难度较大。 • 老子的“道”、孔子的“仁”。这类词语被称为“culturally loaded words”,翻译中有时需生造词语(Taoism,ren),有时借用英文的近意词(way, benevolent等)。

  28. 1. 随大流2. 三言两语3. 十全十美4. 以牙还牙5. 一文不名6. 绞尽脑汁7. 针锋相对8. 千钧一发9. 空中楼阁10. 君子协定 11. 星星之火,可以燎原12. 谋事在人,成事在天13. 一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳14. 无风不起浪 15. 家丑不可外扬16. 徒劳无益17. 家喻户晓18. 随心所欲19. 锦囊妙计20. 真金不怕火炼 21. 小葱拌豆腐,一清二白22. 不到黄河心不死23. 口密腹剑24. 有钱能使鬼推磨25. 十年树木,百年树人26. 路遥知马力,日久见人心 27. 天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福28. 与君一席话,胜读十年书29. 一着不慎满盘皆输30. 百花齐放,百家争鸣31. 各人自扫门前雪,哪管他人瓦上霜 32. 宁为玉碎,不为瓦全33. 新官上任三把火34. 一寸光阴一寸金35. 麻雀虽小,五脏俱全36. 上梁不正下梁歪37. 螳螂捕蝉,黄雀在后38. 心有余而力不足39. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲40. 饭来张口,衣来伸手

  29. 1.随大流 2.三言两语 3.十全十美 4.以牙还牙 5.一文不名 6.绞尽脑汁 7.针锋相对 8.千钧一发 9.空中楼阁 10.君子协定 1. swim with the tide 2. a few words 3. to be perfect in every aspect 4. a tooth for a tooth 5. without a penny to one’s name 6. to rack one’s brains 7. give tit for tat 8. hung by a thread 9. castles in the air 10. gentleman’s agreement

  30. 11.星星之火,可以燎原 12.谋事在人,成事在天 13.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳 14.无风不起浪 15.家丑不可外扬 16.徒劳无益 17.家喻户晓 18.随心所欲 19.锦囊妙计 20.真金不怕火炼 11. Little chips light great fire 12. Man proposes, God disposes. 13. Once bit, twice shy. 14. No smoke without fire. 15. It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. 16. hold a candle to the sun 17. Every barber knows that. 18. follow one’s bent 19. ace in the hole 20. True blue will never stain

  31. 21.小葱拌豆腐,一清二白 22.不到黄河心不死 23.口密腹剑 24.有钱能使鬼推磨 25.十年树木,百年树人 21. very clearly 22. Not stop until one reached one’s goal 23. with honey on one’s lips and murder in one’s heart 24. If you have money you can even make the devil turn your mill. 25. It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear people.

  32. 26.路遥知马力,日久见人心 27.天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福 28.与君一席话,胜读十年书 29.一着不慎满盘皆输 30.百花齐放,百家争鸣 26. A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart. 27. Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight. 28. One evening’s conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten years’ study. 29. One careless move loses the whole game. 30. Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend.

  33. 31.各人自扫门前雪,哪管他人瓦上霜 32.宁为玉碎,不为瓦全 33.新官上任三把火 34.一寸光阴一寸金 35.麻雀虽小,五脏俱全 31. Sweep the snow from your own front door, leave the frost on the other man’s roof to thaw. 32. Rather be a shattered vessel of jade than an unbroken piece of pottery. 33. New brooms sweep clean. 34. Time is gold. 35. The sparrow may be small but it has all the vital organs—small but complete.

  34. 36.上梁不正下梁歪 37.螳螂捕蝉,黄雀在后 38.心有余而力不足 39.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲 40.饭来张口,衣来伸手 36. If the upper beam is crooked, the lower one is out of plumb, people follow the example of those in high positions. 37. The mantis seizes the cicada, not knowing that the oriole is just behind it—warning against covetousness. 38. The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak. 39. To idle away the time in youth will leave sorrow in old age. 40. to lead an easy life, with everything provided.

  35. 1.他这一阵子心头如同十五个吊桶打水,七上八下,老是静不下来。1.他这一阵子心头如同十五个吊桶打水,七上八下,老是静不下来。 • 2.中国有句古话:“十年树木,百年树人。” • 3.没有这三寸不烂之舌,怎么能当三朝元老? • 4.这真是图穷匕首见。 • 5.千方百计去做吧,知道自己已经尽了力,对自己也是一种安慰。 • 6.甭担心,船到桥头自然直。 • 7.你该趁热打铁,把刚学的几首诗记住。 • 8.那家合资企业由于经营不善,已到了山穷水尽的地步。 • 9.难怪他数学那么好,他父母都是数学教授。“龙生龙,凤生凤”嘛。 • 10.我的公司要自负盈亏,你不好好工作,我就不能让你在这里滥竽充数! • 11.这两个队旗鼓相当,比赛中比分交替上升。 • 12.我没想到他对同志们的批评竟然充耳不闻。 • 13.人固有一死,有的重于泰山,有的轻于鸿毛。 • 14.今年高考他又名落孙山了。 • 15.她怕碰一鼻子灰,话到了嘴边,又把它吞了下去。

  36. 1.他这一阵子心头如同十五个吊桶打水,七上八下,老是静不下来。1.他这一阵子心头如同十五个吊桶打水,七上八下,老是静不下来。 • His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight. • 2.中国有句古话:“十年树木,百年树人。” • An old Chinese saying goes, “it takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear people.” • 3.没有这三寸不烂之舌,怎么能当三朝元老? • There have been three changes of regime and thanks to my smooth talk, I’ve been a big man in every one. • 4.这真是图穷匕首见。 • This was really the case where, when the map was unrolled, the dagger was revealed—force came to fore when deception wore thin. • 5.千方百计去做吧,知道自己已经尽了力,对自己也是一种安慰。 • Don’t leave a stone unturned. It’s always something, to know you’ve done the most you could.

  37. 6.甭担心,船到桥头自然直。 • Don’t worry. You will cross the bridge when you come to it. • 7.你该趁热打铁,把刚学的几首诗记住。 • You should strike while the iron is hot, just try to memorize the poems that have been newly taught to you. • 8.那家合资企业由于经营不善,已到了山穷水尽的地步。 • Due to poor management, the joint venture is now at the end of its tether. • 9.难怪他数学那么好,他父母都是数学教授。“龙生龙,凤生凤”嘛。 • No wonder he is good at maths—his parents are professors of maths. “Like father, like son”, indeed. • 10.我的公司要自负盈亏,你不好好工作,我就不能让你在这里滥竽充数! • My company must be solely responsible for its profits and losses. If you are slack in your work, I cannot have you here just to make up the number.

  38. 11.这两个队旗鼓相当,比赛中比分交替上升。 • The two teams are well-matched, and the score seesawed all the times. • 12.我没想到他对同志们的批评竟然充耳不闻。 • I didn’t expect him to turn a deaf ear to the comrades’ criticism. • 13.人固有一死,有的重于泰山,有的轻于鸿毛。 • Everyone must died. But one’s death might be lighter than a goose feather or weightier than Mount Tai. • 14.今年高考他又名落孙山了。 • This year he failed again in the entrance examination for college students. • 15.她怕碰一鼻子灰,话到了嘴边,又把它吞了下去。 • She was afraid of being snubbed, so she swallowed the words that came to her lips.

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