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Developments in International Rice Research

Developments in International Rice Research. Achim Dobermann Deputy Director General (Research). Rice and food security. Million Tons (Paddy rice). Billion People. S. Mohanty, IRRI. FAO Rice Market Monitor, 06/2010. What needs to be done?. Rice demand:

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Developments in International Rice Research

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  1. Developments in International Rice Research Achim Dobermann Deputy Director General (Research)

  2. Rice and food security Million Tons (Paddy rice) Billion People S. Mohanty, IRRI

  3. FAO Rice Market Monitor, 06/2010

  4. What needs to be done? Rice demand: • In each of the next 10 years produce at least 8 million tons rice more (rough rice) . Rice supply: • Little change in harvested area(155-160 million ha) • Yield growth of >50-60 kg/ha per year Change how we grow rice: • New seeds • Less tillage, less water, less labor, less pesticides, balanced fertilizer • Smarter people who implement these changes

  5. CGIAR Thematic Area 3:Sustainable crop productivity increase for global food securityA Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP) IRRI, AfricaRice & CIAT with CIRAD, IRD, JIRCAS as key participating institutions and over 450 other partners

  6. The virtuous circle

  7. Inbreds (+10%) Hybrids (+20%) C4 rice (+50% Crop & resource mgt. Breeding for stresses (abiotic & biotic) Maintenance & value added breeding Yield pot. Yield pot. 1-3 t/ha Grain yield Farm Yield Close gaps Reduce risk Reduce PH loss Higher efficiency Prevent yield erosion, better nutrition & grain quality Raise yield potential

  8. J. Passioura, Func. Pl. Biol. 2010, 37:585-591

  9. GRiSP R&D Themes • Theme 1: Harnessing genetic diversity to chart new productivity, quality, and health horizons • Theme 2: Accelerating the development, delivery , and adoption of improved rice germplasm • Theme 3: Increasing the productivity, sustainability, and resilience of rice-based production systems • Theme 4: Extracting more value from rice harvests through improved processing and market systems and new products • Theme 5: Fostering improved policies and technology targeting to enable improved rice production and marketing • Theme 6: Supporting the growth of the global rice sector

  10. GRiSP R&D Themes 4 New Products & Value Chains 1 Genetic Resources 2 New Varieties 3 Future Production Systems 5 Policy & Information 6 Regional Delivery • Regional/National Initiatives • System solutions • Public & private • partners 2.1. Informatics and MET Product demand 2.2. Improved traits Product demand 2.3. Stress-tol. rice Asia 2.4. Stress-tol. rice Africa Milestones for target regions 2.5. HY irrigated rice Activities Products Outcomes Global and Regional R&D Product Lines 2.6. HYV for LAC ( Regional) Partners 2.7. Hybrid rice 2.8. Healthier rice Impact Outcome-driven innovation through product-oriented R&D and partnerships

  11. Rice germplasm from IRRI and other sources Breeding targets and input traits Trait analysis and genetic support : • High yield potential and good grain quality • Physiology of yield potential and • Disease resistance adaptation to direct seeding • Insect resistance • Genetics of multiple stress tolerance • Adapted to direct seeding/reduced tillage (drought, heat, diseases, adverse soil) • Tolerance to moderate water stress • Tagging of genes • Tolerance to heat stress • Development of pre - breeding lines with • Tolerance to adverse soil conditions component traits Elite and widely adaptive Molecular - tagged, pre - breeding germplasm lines with value - added traits Trait packages in advanced breeding lines East & Southern Africa: Southeast Asia South Asia Irrigated & rainfed Irrigated & rainfed Irrigated & rainfed On - site evaluation On - site evaluation On - site evaluation PVS PVS PVS NARES varietal release NARES varietal release NARES varietal release

  12. Indica Aus Aromatic Salinity tolerance Temperate Tropical Japonica Establishing Gene-Trait Relationships Sample diverse rice Associate SNP haplotypes with phenotypes Computer program to predict “performance peaks” contributed by multiple SNP haplotypes Phenotype subsets for target traits with impact

  13. The problem of too much water • 20 million ha affected in South and Southeast Asia. • Growing problem with climate change. • Rice is only crop suitable, but ‘drowns’.

  14. Recovery after 15 d Submergence - 1978 Sub1 Timeline 1978 2008 1978: FR13A crossed to high-yielding IRRI lines 1983: Semi-dwarf trait combined with submergence tolerance 1990: High-yielding varieties with sub-mergence tolerance developed 2005: Locally adapted lines awaiting further evaluation 2005: Identification of Sub1A gene conferring sub-mergence tolerance (IRRI & UC); improved markers 1995: Genetic mapping of Sub1 locus on rice chromosome 9 1981: Genetic studies indicate quantitative (com-plex) inheritance 2000: Fine mapping and identification of markers for breeding 2007: 6 Sub1 mega varieties sent for evaluation in 9 Asian countries 2002: Swarna crossed with IR49830-7 (Sub1) 2005: Swarna-Sub1developed by marker-assisted back-crossing 2008: Release and large scale seed production

  15. Swarna-Sub1 in India, 2009 (STRASA) • Released, notified & entered seed chain • 12.5 tons seed distributed by formal channels • Farmer-to-farmer diffusion • Expected multiplication: 1500 tons (BS: 100 tons; FS/CS/TL: 600 t) • Approx. 1000 tons will likely to be used as seed Jul 31 Scaling up Sub1 varieties IR64-Sub1 released in Philippines in 2009 as Submarino 1 Oct 31 In the pipeline: BR11-Sub1, Samba Mahsuri-Sub1, CR1009-Sub1, TDK-Sub1

  16. Swarna-Sub1 Timeline in UP in India + NFSM, State Govs., Seed Co (P&Pv), NGOs, IPs (54) + NGOs, FOs, Seed Co (P) (22) NARES (2) NARES (8) Partners >100 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Release (June), Seed Mult. (BS +TL), Demonstr. Evaluation, Demonstration Multiplication Evaluation Activities ? Seed Mult (boro) BS: 170 tons TL: 450 tons FS : > 500 t BS/FS/CS/TL:10,000 t +FS Seed amount 2 kg 100 kg 3,000 kg 15 tons No. of Farmers ~ 700 ~5,000 >100,000 SWARNA-SUB1 IS EXPECTED TO REACH 1 MILLION FARMERS BY 2011 IN INDIA, > 1 M Ha by 2013

  17. Gene for virus resistance TN1 Healthy TW16 Healthy TN1 RTV TW16 RTV Root properties relevant drought tolerance Phenotyping traits for impactFocus on traits affected by global climate change • Increased yield potential • Improved resistance to diseases and insects • Tolerance to extremes of weather • Drought • Flooding • Salinity • High temperatures • Identify novel alleles at loci involved in these traits for incorporation into improved varieties

  18. Combating vitamin A deficiency among the poor: Golden Rice GR1 – 2004 GR2 - 2005

  19. PL 1.4: Supercharging photosynthesis A C4 rice should increase rice yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency by 30-50%. No other evolutionary mechanism exists that could be added to a C3 rice so as to deliver that superior combination of benefits. C3 Anatomy Change Biochem Change Fine Tuning C4 + + + = Massive international research effort needed for 20 years

  20. Hopper burn and virus diseases have damaged rice in many countries Philippines Malaysia Vietnam China Bangladesh Thailand

  21. New virus carried by WBPH • Discovered in Guangdong in 2005. • Transmitted by WBPH • Southern Rice Black Streak Dwarf virus (SRBSDV) because of its similarity with the RBSDV carried by sBPH in temperate areas. • Spreading in southern provinces of China, Northern Vietnam areas.

  22. middle-season rice damaged Spread of WBPH virus Found in maize in Shandong province in 2009 First discovered in 2001 Zhou 2010

  23. Rice yield increase in Southern Brazil Million ha Million t t/ha

  24. Plant early to maximize yield potential Choose right variety; land preparation after harvest Reduce seed rate to 70-80 kg/ha Preventive pest management Seed coating (insecticide, fungicide); fungicide (PI-F) Preventive and early weed control: Pure seed; Clearfield varieties, crop rotation Herbicide at V3-V4 Balanced nutrition with high NUE Basal NPK placed with seed (2” x 2”) High N dose at V3-V4 on dry soil (pre-flood) Topdress N at PI (airplane) Irrigate early Irrigate at V3-V4 and keep flooded Harvest and recycle water

  25. Yield distribution among rice farms in RS, Brazil in 2000 and 2008

  26. PL 2.5 & 3.4: Breeding and management for conservation agriculture systems Multi-location screening of NT-DSR R. Mugaloda & CSISA collaborators On-farm evaluation in CSISA Hubs M. Mazid, NW Bangladesh Hub

  27. Nutrient management decision tools for extension workers and farmers • 10-20% more yield • 30-50% less N losses • Less fossil fuel • Less N2O emissions • Less water pollution • Less pests www.irri.org/nmrice

  28. NM Rice-wheat NW India NM Maize Bangladesh NM Rice Sri Lanka NM Rice Tanil Nadu NM Rice Bangladesh NM Rice West Africa NM Rice N Vietnam NM Rice S Vietnam NM Rice Guangdong NM + txt Philippines NM + txt Indonesia Nutrient Manager released or under development and field evaluation before release Coming in July 2010 Released in 2009/10 Coming in late 2010

  29. 3. Transmit information to NM Rice program 5. Transmit SMS message to farmer 4. Process information and develop SMS message NM Rice program All in local language of choice Mobile phone version of Nutrient Manager (NMRiceTXT) Farmer 1. Call toll-free number 2. Capture information with voice recording and phone key pad IVR implementation box Mobile phone SMS compatible

  30. Long-term: • Improved varieties: • yield potential: C4 rice • biotech (drought, NUE, salinity) • Improved cropping systems • Medium-term: • Improved varieties: • yield potential: inbreds and hybrids • - Vit. A & Zn • drought & heat tolerant • resistant to key biotic stresses • adapted to new systems • Improved cropping systems >1.5%/yr 1.2-1.5%/yr • Short-term: • Yield potential: • - Hybrids • Reduce yield gap: • STR varieties • Agronomy • Reduce grain loss: • Postharvest Rice yield growth Target range 1%/yr Do nothing <1%/yr <1%/yr Recent yield growth 2010 2015 2020

  31. Farmers’ Assoc., 10 CGIAR centers, CP, initiatives, 18 Intl./Reg.Org., 19 Foundations, 20 CSOs, 21 Donors (Gov.) 31 NARES 252 Private Sector 54 Adv. Res. Inst. 72 Current partnerships of IRRI, AfricaRice, and CIAT (rice). The graph includes only partnerships that involve flow of funds for joint research and development activities.

  32. How could China contribute to GRiSP as well as benefit from it? • Leading role/strategic partner in basic science areas with breakthrough potential, e.g. • Massive gene discovery (PL 1.2) • Global effort on new plant types for increased yield potential (Pl 2.5) • Leading role/strategic partner in innovative applied research areas, e.g. • Ecological intensification: eco-efficient, climate-resilient high-yield systems (PL 3.1, 3.2) • Pest/disease resistance and management (PL 2.2, 3.2) • Small-scale mechanization solutions (Africa?; PL 3.5, 6.3) • Capacity building • Sandwich scholarships for Chinese and foreign student (between Chinese universities/institutions and IRRI, AfricaRice, CIAT)

  33. Thank You

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