Analisis pendapatan nasional 3 sektor

1. Analisis pendapatan nasional 3 sektor Unika Soegijapranata 2011

2. Diagram alir perekonomian 3 sektor

3. The Keynesian Cross • A simple closed economy model in which income is determined by expenditure. (due to J.M. Keynes) • Notation: I = planned investment E = C + I + G = planned expenditure Y = real GDP = actual expenditure • Difference between actual & planned expenditure: unplanned inventory investment

4. Elements of the Keynesian Cross consumption function: govt policy variables: for now, investment is exogenous: planned expenditure: Equilibrium condition:

5. The Tax Multiplier …is negative:An increase in taxes reduces consumer spending, which reduces equilibrium income. …is greater than one(in absolute value): A change in taxes has a multiplier effect on income. …is smaller than the govt spending multiplier:Consumers save the fraction (1-MPC) of a tax cut, so the initial boost in spending from a tax cut is smaller than from an equal increase in G.

6. Pajak • Pajak lumpsum, yaitu pajak yang tidak tergantung pada tingkat pendapatan (Txo). Besaran pajak atau nilai pajak bagi setiap orang sama. • Pajak proporsional, yaitu pajak yang tergantung pada tingkat pendapatan. Sehingga yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah berupa tarif pajak. Pajak proporsional terdiri dari: • Pajak regresif • Pajak progresif • Pajak proporsional • Pajak proporsional sering disebut sebagai Built-in Stabilizer karena fungsinya yang akan menstabilkan kondisi perekonomian.

7. Pendekatan Pengeluaran Agregat • AE=Y=C+I+G • dimana: • AE = agregat expenditure • Y = pendapatan nasional • C = konsumsi • I = Investasi • G = pengeluaran pemerintah

8. AE = Y C,I E G C I Y

10. S + T S, I E I + G Ye Y Pendekatan Suntikan dan Bocoran • S + Tx = I + G → kondisi keseimbangan