The European Union: 500 million people – 28 countries

1. The European Union: 500 million people – 28 countries MemberStates of the European Union Candidate countries and potential candidates

2. Founders New ideas for lasting peace and prosperity… Konrad Adenauer Alcide De Gasperi Winston Churchill Robert Schuman Jean Monnet

3. The EU symbols The motto: United in diversity The European anthem Europe Day, 9 May The European flag The euro

4. 24 official languages Български Čeština dansk Deutsch eesti keel Ελληνικά português Română slovenčina slovenščina suomi svenska English español français Gaeilge hrvatski Italiano latviešu valoda lietuvių kalba magyar Malti Nederlands polski

5. Enlargement: from six to 28 countries

6. 1951 Founding Members Belgium France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands

7. 1973 Denmark Ireland United Kingdom

8. 1981 Greece

9. 1986 Portugal Spain

10. November 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall sets the stage for unifying Europe and EU enlargement

11. 1995 Austria Finland Sweden

12. 2004 Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Malta Poland Slovakia Slovenia

13. 2007 Bulgaria Romania

14. Candidate Countries Croatia Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Turkey Potential Candidate Countries Albania Bosnia & Herzegovina Montenegro Serbia including Kosovo under UN Security Council Resolution 1244

15. The big enlargement: uniting east and west 1989 Fall of Berlin Wall – end of Communism EU economic help begins: Phare programme 1992 Criteria set for a country to join the EU: • democracy and rule of law • functioning market economy • ability to implement EU laws 1998 Formal negotiations on enlargement begin 2002 Copenhagen summit agrees to a big enlargement of 10 new countries 2004 Ten new EU members: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia 2007 Bulgaria and Romania join the EU 2013 Croatia joins on 1 July

16. Candidate countries and potential candidates

17. The treaties – basis for democratic cooperation built on law 1952 The European Coal and Steel Community 1958 The treaties of Rome: • The European Economic Community • The European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) 1987 The European Single Act: the Single Market 1993 Treaty on European Union - Maastricht 1999 Treaty of Amsterdam 2003 Treaty of Nice 2009 Treaty of Lisbon

18. 1951: European Coal and Steel Community • In the aftermath of World War II, the aim was to secure peace among Europe’s victorious and vanquished nations and bring them together as equals, cooperating within shared institutions. • Based on a plan by French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman. • Six founding countries – Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands – signed a treaty to run heavy industries (coal and steel) under common management. Jean Monnet and other leaders with the first “European” ingot of steel

19. Treaty of Rome 1957: • The six founding countries expanded cooperation to other economic sectors, creating the European Economic Community (EEC) – or “common market.” • As a result, people, goods, services, and capital today move freely across the Union. Signing of the Treaty of Rome

20. 1986 – Single European Act • Means to realise the internal market • more decisions could be taken through qualified majority – health and safety • 1989 Community Social Charter and Action Programme • 1993 Maastricht European Union • Social policy Agreement and Social Policy Protocol • Economic and monetary union, Foreign och security policy, Justice and Home affairs, European citizenship • 1997 Amsterdam Treaty – the Social Policy competence included in the Treaty • 2000 Nice Treaty /EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

21. Treaty of LisbonTaking Europe into the 21st Century 2007

22. The Treaty of Lisbon at a Glance • A More Democratic and Transparent Europe • A More Efficient Europe • A Europe of Rights and Values, Freedom, Solidarity and Security • A More Visible Europe on the Global Stage

23. The Treaty of Lisbon at a Glance • A More Democratic and Transparent Europe • A strengthened role for the European Parliament • Greater involvement by national parliaments • Decision-making of the Council must now be open to public • A Citizens' Initiative • Clearer categorization between Member State and EU competences • Explicit recognition of a Member State’s right to withdraw from the Union European Parliament

24. The treaties The treaty of the European Union (TEU) The treaty of the functioning of the European Union (TFEU) The EU charter on fundamental rights

25. Shared Values and Responsibilities • Freedom & Democracy Support free elections, good governance, human rights, and the rule of law around the world. • Security Cooperate to fight terrorism, limit the spread of nuclear weapons, and work for global peace. • Development Together, EU and U.S. provide 80% of global development assistance and an even larger share of global humanitarian aid in times of disaster and conflict.

26. EU Principles The Treaty on European Union Art. 2: The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail.

27. EU - Principles Art. 3.5: In its relations with the wider world, the Union shall uphold and promote its values and interests and contribute to the protection of its citizens. It shall contribute to peace, security, the sustainable development of the Earth, solidarity and mutual respect among peoples, free and fair trade, eradication of poverty and the protection of human rights, in particular the rights of the child, as well as to the strict observance and the development of international law, including respect for the principles of the UN Charter.

28. EU - Principles Art. 21.1: The Union's action on the international scene shall be guided by the principles which have inspired its own creation, development and enlargement, and which it seeks to advance in the wider world: democracy, rule of law, the universality and indivisibility of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for human dignity, the principles of equality and solidarity, and respect for the principles of the UN Charter and international law.

29. EU - Principles Art. 21.2 The Union shall define and pursue common policies and actions, and shall work for a high degree of cooperation in all fields of international relations, in order to: (a) safeguard its values, fundamental interests, security, independence and integrity; (b) consolidate and support democracy, the rule of law, human rights and the principles of international law; (c) preserve peace, prevent conflicts and strengthen international security, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, with the principles of the Helsinki Final Act and with the aims of the Charter of Paris, including those relating to external borders; (d) foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental development of developing countries, with the primary aim of eradicating poverty; (e) encourage the integration of all countries into the world economy, including through the progressive abolition of restrictions on international trade; (f) help develop international measures to preserve and improve the quality of the environment and the sustainable management of global natural resources, in order to ensure sustainable development; (g) assist populations, countries and regions confronting natural or man-made disasters; and (h) promote an international system based on stronger multilateral cooperation and good global governance.

30. EU - Principles Art. 24.1: The common foreign and security policy is subject to specific rules and procedures. It shall be defined and implemented by the European Council and the Council acting unanimously, except where the Treaties provide otherwise […] The Court of Justice of the European Union shall not have jurisdiction with respect to these provisions.

31. EU population compared to the rest of the world Population in millions (2015)

32. EU surface area compared to the rest of the world Surface area (x 1000 km²)

33. How rich is the EU compared to the rest of the world? Size of economy: GDP in trillions of euro (2014) Wealth per person: GDP per person (2014)

34. How big are the EU countries? Surface area (x 1000 km²)

35. How many people live in the EU? Population in millions (2015) 508 million in total

36. GDP per inhabitant: the spread of wealth GDP per inhabitant (2015) Index where the average of the 28 EU countries is 100

37. The European economy: stronger together 2008: Worldwide financial crisis starts in the United States. Coordinated response from European leaders: • Commitment to the euro and to financial stability • New crisis management tools and reforms of rules: European Stability Mechanism: fund to help countries in extraordinary economic difficulties New laws for stability of banks Banking Union: EU-wide supervision of banks and a mechanism to close down failing banks • Better economic governance: European Semester: annual procedure to coordinate public budgets Euro+ pact, ‘Fiscal compact treaty’: mutual commitments to sound public finances

38. Ten priorities for Europe The European Commission of President Jean-Claude Juncker focuses on: A reasonable and balanced free trade agreement with the United States The investment plan: a new boost for jobs, growth and investment An area of justice and fundamental rights based on mutual trust A connected digital single market A resilient energy union with a forward-looking climate change policy A new policy on migration A deeper and fairer internal market with stronger industries Europe as a stronger global actor A deeper and fairer economic and monetary union A European Union of democratic change

39. An investment plan for Europe • 2015: Europe’s economy begins to recover after the crisis, but the level of investment is still low. Investors have money, but little confidence • New EU fund from mid-2015 • The fund starts with € 21 billion from EU sources • Investments are made in viable business projects, for example in digital and energy infrastructure, transport, small businesses, green projects and innovation • Multiplier effect: public money will trigger private investors to follow suit, with up to € 315 billion • Could create 1.3 million new jobs over three years The European Fund for Strategic Investments

40. Banking union: safe and reliable banks The EU’s response to the financial crisis: • Rulebook: New laws to ensure that banks have adequate capital and better risk control • Supervision: The European Central Bank supervises the +/- 130 of the most important banks National bank supervisors work closely together • Resolution: A Europe-wide Single Resolution Board can decide to wind down a failing bank This is backed by a fund that banks themselves pay into, thus ensuring that taxpayers do not have to pick up the bill.

41. How does the EU spend its money? 2017 EU budget: € 157.9 billion = 1.05 % of gross national income

42. Climate change – a global challenge To stop global warming, EU leaders decided in 2014 to: • reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40 % by 2030, compared to 1990 • raise the share of renewable energy to 27 % by 2030 (wind, solar, hydro power, biomass) • increase energy efficiency by 27 % by 2030

43. Energy sources in a changing world Share of fuel imported from outside the EU in 2014 Fuel used in the EU in 2014

44. Research - investing in the knowledge society Spending on research and development in 2015 (% of GDP)

45. Solidarity in practice: the EU cohesion policy 2014-2020: € 352 billion invested in infrastructure, business, environment and training of workers for the benefit of poorer regions and citizens • Regional fund • Social fund • Cohesion fund Less-developed regions: GDP per capita under 75 % of the EU average Transition regions: GDP per capita between 75 % and 90 % of the EU average More-developed regions: GDP per capita over 90 % of the EU average

46. The euro – a single currency for Europeans • Why the euro? • No fluctuation risk and foreign exchange cost • More choice and stable prices for consumers • Closer economic cooperation between EU countries • Can be used everywhere in the euro area • Coins: one side with national symbols, one side common • Notes: no national side EU countries using the euro EU countries not using the euro

47. Beating inflation European Economic and Monetary Union: stable prices Average annual inflation in the 19 EU countries using the euro (2016)

48. The single market: freedom of choice The single market has led to: significant reductions in the price of many products and services, including airfares and phone calls more choice for consumers 2.8 million new jobs Four freedoms of movement: • goods • services • people • capital

49. Free to move ‘Schengen’ • No police or customs checks at borders between most EU countries • Controls strengthened at the EU’s external borders • More cooperation between police from different EU countries • Buy and bring back any goods for personal use when you travel between EU countries

50. Cheaper mobile abroad The EU has reduced the cost of phone calls, text messaging and data roaming abroad by over 80 % since 2007