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AP biology review for exam

AP biology review for exam. Chemistry. 1. Describe the 3 subatomic particles of an atom. 2. List 3 types of chemical bonds, how they form and their relative strengths. We have not discussed Van der Waals bonds-they are the weakest.

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AP biology review for exam

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  1. AP biology review for exam

  2. Chemistry • 1. Describe the 3 subatomic particles of an atom. • 2. List 3 types of chemical bonds, how they form and their relative strengths. We have not discussed Van der Waals bonds-they are the weakest. • 3. Draw 2 water molecules and identify the hydrogen bond and the covalent bonds.

  3. Chemistry • 4. How is hydrogen bonding important to the unique properties of water? How is “polarity” of water important? • 5. Interpret a pH scale. • 6. How can changes in pH alter biological molecules? Biological systems? • 7. Why are buffers important to biological systems? Ecosystems? Name a buffer or two.

  4. Carbon • 1. What are the properties of carbon that make it so important to biological systems? • 2. Describe how carbon cycles through the ecosystem and biological systems.

  5. Biological molecules • 1. Distinguish between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. What is the importance? • 2. List the 4 organic molecule groups and the elements contained in each. What functional groups or formulas could be used to recognize each group?

  6. Biological molecules • 3. How are each of the 4 organic groups utilized by cells? In other words, what are some of their functions? • 4. Describe the 4 levels of protein structure. • What sorts of changes can alter structure? • 5. How does a protein reach its final folding?

  7. The cell • 1. Identify 3 key differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. • 2. Identify the general structure & function of each cell organelle. • 3. How do the organelles of plants and animals differ? How are they similar?

  8. Membranes • 1. Explain selective permeability. How can this happen? Why is this important? • 2. Identify and describe the roles of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates in membranes. • 3. Distinguish between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. Predict water movement.

  9. Membranes • 4. What are electrochemical gradients? Where might you find one? What can they do?

  10. Metabolism • 1. Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions. Draw a graph of these reactions. • 2. How is ATP used in energy coupling reactions? • 3. What are enzymes? How do they lower activation energy?

  11. Metabolism • 4. Explain enzyme structure and relationship to substrate. • 5. What factors influence enzyme activity?

  12. Cell Cycle • 1. Terms/structure of duplicated chromosome. • 2. Cell cycle and stages of mitosis. • 3. What is the role of kinases and cyclins in the cell cycle? • 4. What is the role of mitosis in organisms?

  13. Cellular respiration • 1. Write the equation for respiration. • 2. What is the difference b/n fermentation & • Cellular respiration? • 3. Explain glycolysis. • 4. Explain Krebs cycle. • 5. Explain the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

  14. Photosynthesis • 1. Write the equation of photosynthesis. • 2. Relate the anatomy of a leaf and chloroplast to photosynthesis. • 3. Explain the photosystems and how electrons are moved. • 4. What is the relationship of the light reaction to the light independent reaction? • 5. How does chemiosmosis generate ATP? • 6. Explain the Calvin Cycle.

  15. DNA • 1. Describe DNA structure. Draw it. • 2. Describe the contributions of: Avery/Macleod, Hershey/Chase, Franklin, Watson/Crick • 3. Explain DNA replication. • 4. Compare prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells’ chromosomes. • 5. How does DNA packaging effect transcription? • 6. What is transcription and translation?

  16. Meiosis & Life Cycles • 1. Distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction. • 2. What is the role of meiosis and fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms? • 3. What are homologous chromosomes? Their importance? • 4. Describe the process of meiosis. • 5. Contrast mitosis and meiosis. • 6. What is the importance of crossover? Independent assortment? Random fertilization?

  17. Cell communication • 1. List the 3 steps of cell communication: • 2. How is cell transduction started? Discuss G protein receptors and G proteins. • 3. How are kinase receptors different from G protein receptors?

  18. 4. How is a cell signal amplified? • 5. Provide an example of a cell signal that results in the turning on of a gene and thus the production of a protein.

  19. Gene regulation • 1. Identify the 3 parts of an operon. • 2. What is the role of repressor genes? • 3. What is DNA methylation? Histone acetylation? • 4. How does gene regulation effect embryonic development? Cancer?

  20. Protein synthesis • 1. What is gene expression? Transcription? Translation? • 2. Describe trancription & translation. • 3. How is RNA modified after transcription? • 4. Describe the APE sites on the ribosomes. • 5. How do mutations change protein structure?

  21. 6. How does RNA differ from DNA? • 7. Explain the direction of transcription. • 8. What is the start codon of all protein sequences? • 9. What is a ribosome made of?

  22. 10. What are peptide bonds? How do they form? • 11. Why do amino acids have more than one codon? • 12. Where do proteins go for “packaging”? • 13. Explain how so many proteins can be made from so few “genes”.

  23. Biotechnology • 1. How can you get a gene of interest into a cell? What are restriction enzymes? From what organism do they come? • 2. What is PCR? Why is it important to the field of biotechnology? • 3. What is gel electrophoresis? What can you find out?

  24. Biotechnology • 4. Make sure you can “read” a set of petri dish results when dealing with genetic engineering lab.

  25. Mendel & genetics • 1. Terms: P, F1, F2, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype • 2. Compare and contrast allele and gene. • 3. Set up Punnett squares and Pedigrees.

  26. Chromosomes • 1. What is the chromosomal theory of inheritance? • 2. Explain sex linked inheritance. • 3. Explain chromosomal deletions, duplications, inversions. • 4. Exceptions to Mendelian inheritance: • Genomic imprinting, mitochondrial DNA

  27. Viruses • 1. Describe viral structure. • 2. Compare the lytic to lysogenic cycle.

  28. Genomes & their evolution • 1. How do prokaryotic genomes compare to eukaryotic genomes? • 2. What is the role of transposable elements and retrotransposons? • 3. What is the idea of “evo-devo”? • 4. What is the role of homeotic genes and homeoboxes?

  29. Descent with modification • 1. How did Lamarck’s view differ from Darwin? • 2. List several examples of evidence of evolution. • 3. Distinguish the terms analogous & homologous . • 4. Provide examples of adaptations, variation, time, reproductive success and inheritance in terms of evolution.

  30. Populations and evolution • 1. Provide examples of how mutation and sexual reproduction produces genetic variation. • 2. Be able to work problems for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. • 3. What are the conditions for HW equilibrium.

  31. Origin of species • 1. Define species (biological concept). • 2. Distinguish b/n pre & post zygotic barriers that maintain population isolation. • 3. How are allopatric & sympatric speciation similar and different? Provide examples. • 4. Compare punctuated equilibrium & gradualism.

  32. Earth’s history • 1. What are some theories about the origin of the Earth? • 2. How old is the Earth? When did prokaryotic life emerge? Eukaryotic life? • 3. What were conditions of early earth? • 4. Describe the labs of Miller & Urey…and Oparin & Haldane. • 5. How can fossils be dated?

  33. 6. What is endosymbiosis? Evidence? • 7. How does continental drift account for the distribution of species? Examples? • 8. How is extinction related to adaptive radiation?

  34. Phylogeny • 1. Describe the various domains and common traits. • 2. Classification system… know it. • 3. Read a cladogram.

  35. Bacteria and Archae • 1. How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes? • 2. How do bacteria get genetic diversity?

  36. Transport in vascular plants • 1. Distinguish b/n active and passive transport. • 2. How does diffusion, active transport and bulk flow move water and nutrients? • 3. Explain how water traits are related to the movement of water through a plant and transpired out stomata. • 4. Explain the pressure-flow hypothesis of translocating sugars.

  37. Plant signals • 1. List the 3 steps of cell communication. • 2. What are auxins? Their role? • 3. Describe photoperiodism and phototropism as a response to environmental change. • 4. How do plants respond to herbivores and pathogens?

  38. Homeostasis • 1. Provide several examples of homeostasis. • One negative feedback and one positive feedback.

  39. Immune system • 1. Describe the innate immune response. • 2. Distinguish between B and T cells. • 3. How are antigens recognized by immune system cells? • 4. What is the difference b/n humoral and cell mediated immunity? • 5. Why are helper T cells crucial to immune system?

  40. Hormones & endocrine system • 1. How do hormones bind to target receptors? Are these related to transduction pathways? • 2. Provide a specific example of the secretion, target, action and regulation of a hormone. • 3. How are these hormones responsible for positive and negative feedback?

  41. Neurons • 1. Draw a neuron and label. • 2. Explain the impulse transmission along a neuron. • 3. Explain the process of releasing a neurotransmitter and what happens at the synapse.

  42. 7. What is apoptosis? Why is it important to normal functioning of multicellular organisms?

  43. Nervous system • 1. Describe the different regions of the brain and their functions. • 2. How does the vertebrate brain integrate information?

  44. Sensory/motor • 1. Explain the contraction of a muscle cell.

  45. Animal behavior • 1. How are behaviors a result of natural selection? • 2. How does an innate behavior and other behaviors increase “fitness”? • 3. How do organisms communicate to increase fitness? • 4. Describe several forms of animal communication. • 5. What is the role of altruism?

  46. The biosphere • 1. Describe the abiotic factors determining biomes. • 2. How are biomes similar? • 3. What changes are occurring that could alter biomes and their ecosystems within?

  47. Population ecology • 1. Describe these terms related to populations: density, dispersion, demographics • 2. Distinguish b/n exponential and logistic growth models. • 3. Explain the difference b/n density dependent and density independent factors controlling populations.

  48. Community ecology • 1. Distinguish b/n fundamental and realized niche. • 2. What is competitive exclusion principle? Provide an example. • 3. Know examples of : mutualism, parasitism and commensalism (symbiotic relationships) • 4. What is a keystone species? Provide an example. • 5. Distinguish b/n primary & secondary succession.

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