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A+ Guide to Software, 4e

A+ Guide to Software, 4e. Chapter 8 Windows on a Network. Physical Network Architectures. Elements providing an overview of networks The different sizes of networks The different technologies used by networks Some networking terms Network types commonly encountered Ethernet

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A+ Guide to Software, 4e

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  1. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Chapter 8 Windows on a Network

  2. Physical Network Architectures • Elements providing an overview of networks • The different sizes of networks • The different technologies used by networks • Some networking terms • Network types commonly encountered • Ethernet • Wireless networks • Telephone networks • Mostly outdated token ring and FDDI networks A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  3. Sizes of Networks • A network links two or more computers • PAN (personal area network) • Consists of personal devices at close range • LAN (local area network) • Covers a small local area such as a home, or office • MAN (metropolitan area network) • Covers a large campus or city • WAN (wide area network) • Covers a large geographical area; e.g., the Internet A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  4. Additional Terms Used in Networking • Node (host): one device on a network; e.g., server • Network adapter: interfaces a PC with a network • Network interface card (NIC): fits in a PCI slot • Adapter (MAC, physical, or hardware) address: • 48-bit (6-byte) id number hard-coded on card • Example: 00-0C-6E-4E-AB-A5 • Network protocols: rules of communication • Packets (datagrams or frames) • Basic unit of data transmitted on a network A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  5. Introducing Ethernet • Ethernet types (categorized by speed): • 10-Mbps Ethernet • 100-Mbps or Fast Ethernet • 1000-Mbps or Gigabit Ethernet • 10-Gigabit Ethernet • Types of cabling used: • Two kinds of twisted-pair • Unshielded twisted pair (UTP): four pairs of twisted wire • Shielded twisted pair (STP): protected from EMI • Coaxial cable: single copper wire with braided shield • Fiber-optic: glass strands inside protective tubing A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  6. Wi-Fi Wireless Networks • Use radio waves or infrared light to connect PCs • Popular in places where cables are difficult to install • 802.11wireless (Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity) • Types: 802.11g (most popular), 802.11b, 802.11a • Two new standards: 802.11k and 802.11r • Ad hoc mode: directly links two wireless devices • Access point (AP): connects wireless device to LAN • WiMAX (802.16 Wireless/802.16d and 802.16e) • Used in public hot spots and as a last mile solution • Bluetooth: short range standard; e.g., optical mouse A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  7. Figure 8-5 Nodes on a wireless LAN connect to a cabled network by way of an access point A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  8. VoIP Telephone Networks • VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) • Uses packets of data to communicate • Need broadband Internet connection • Can use a VoIP digital phone • Newer WiFi phones can use a WiFi hotspot to send and receive VoIP wirelessly • Some think WiFi phones will replace cell phones A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  9. Figure 8-5 This VoIP digital telephone connects to a local network and on to the Internet by way of a network cable A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  10. Windows on a Network • Major software components on a network • An operating system installed on each PC • Network operating system (NOS) for larger networks • Peer-to-peer network (workgroup) • Each PC has the same authority on the network • Client/server model (domain) • Access to network resources controlled by an NOS • Server is called a domain controller • A few network operating systems • Windows 2003 Server, Novell NetWare, Linux A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  11. Four Suites of Protocols • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) • Primary protocol used on the Internet • IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange) • Designed for use with Novell NetWare • NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) • Supports NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) • AppleTalk • Proprietary networking protocol suite for Macs A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  12. Four Suites of Protocols (continued) • Using a protocol on the network • Install a NIC card in the computer • Connect network cable to network device; e.g., a switch • NIC card binds to higher level protocol; e.g., TCP/IP • How to identify which protocols are used in Windows • Look at the properties of a network connection • More than one OS protocol can be used on a network • New protocols may be installed • Network printers can be accessed in various ways A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  13. Figure 8-9 Three Windows XP network protocols are installed and two protocols are bound to this network card A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  14. Addressing on a Network • Four methods used to identify devices and programs • Using a MAC address • Using an IP address • Using character-based names (host, domain, NetBIOS) • Using a Port address • IP addresses • Used in TCP/IP to identify any device on the network • 4 bytes (octets) separated by dots; e.g., 190.180.40.120 • System allows for up to 4.3 billion IP addresses • First part identifies network, last part identifies host A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  15. Addressing on a Network (continued) • Classes of IP addresses • Class A: first octet for network, remainder for host • Class B: two octets for network, remainder for host • Class C: three octets for network, remainder for host • Class D: reserved for multicasting • Class E: reserved for research • Subnet mask • Octets used to identify if PCs are in same network • Ex: if subnet is 255.0.0.0, the first octets must match • Two types: classful and classless (CIDR) A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  16. Table 8-1 Classes of IP addresses A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  17. Addressing on a Network (continued) • IP address categories • Public IP address: available for use on the Internet • Private IP address: only used on a private intranet • Static IP address: permanently assigned to a node • Dynamic IP address: assigned for current session • Solutions for IP address shortages • 1. Private IP addresses • 2. Dynamic IP addressing (may be combined with 1) • DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)server • Manages dynamically assigned IP addresses A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  18. Figure 8-16 A DHCP server has a range of IP addresses it can assign to clients on the network A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  19. Addressing on a Network (continued) • Network address translation (NAT) • Presents public IP address for PC with private address • A proxy server makes the IP address substitutions • Proxy server: node between the network and the Internet • Router can act as proxy server, DHCP server, firewall • Name resolution: links a name to an IP address • DNS (Domain Name System): tracks host names • WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service) • Tracks NetBIOS names; e.g., joesmith, Workstation12 A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  20. How Computers Find Each Other on a LAN • PC must acquire IP address of another PC for a link • Methods for discovering IP address of another PC • The computer checks the NetBIOS name cache • If WINS server address is known, PC queries server • Computer uses broadcast to query nodes on LAN • The computer checks a file named LMHosts • The computer checks the file named Hosts • If DNS server address is known, PC queries server A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  21. Configuring a NIC and Connecting to a Network • Components needed to connect a PC to a network • NIC and network port or wireless NIC card in the PC • Patch cable • Device for the PC to connect to, such as a router • NIC card selection criteria • NIC should match type of bus on motherboard • NIC should match speed and type of network • Wireless NIC should match network technology A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  22. Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP • Overview of installation steps • Determine whether driver or NIC is installed first • If NIC precedes driver, install NIC and turn on PC • Follow instructions in Found New Hardware Wizard • Verify driver installation using the Device Manager • Update the driver if necessary • Connect patch cable to NIC port and network switch • Configuring Windows 2000/XP to use a network • Name computer in System Properties dialog box A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  23. Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP (continued) • Questions to ask before configuring TCP/IP • Will the PC use dynamic or static IP addressing? • What are the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway? • A question to ask if static IP addressing is used • Do you use DNS? • If so, what are the IP addresses of your DNS servers? • Is a proxy server used to connect to other networks? • If so, what is the IP address of the proxy server? • Gateway: device that connects two networks A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  24. Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP (continued) • Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box • Used to configure TCP/IP under Windows XP • Dialog opened from Properties of Local Area Connection • NWLink or NetBEUI protocol • Used for network communication (excluding the Internet) • Can be used in combination with TCP/IP • Installed from Properties of Local Area Connection A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  25. Installing a NIC Using Windows 9x/Me • Overview of installation steps: • Physically install the NIC and turn on the PC • Follow instructions of the Wizard • Verify the installation using Device Manager • Assigning a computer name • Access Identification tab in Network dialog box • Enter names of computer and workgroup • Verify assignment in Network Neighborhood window • Installing and configuring TCP/IP using Windows 98 • Use functions in the Network window A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  26. Installing a Wireless Adapter in a Notebook • Wireless adapter uses a USB port or PC Card slot • Installation package includes a CD and accessories • Overview of steps for installing a Linksys adapter • Install the software from the setup CD • Plug the wireless adapter into a USB port • Launch Found New Hardware and follow instructions • Managing the issue of an unsigned driver • Find approved driver or continue installation • Deciding which installation utility to use • Choose manufacturer’s utility over Windows XP’s A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  27. Installing a Wireless Adapter in a Notebook (continued) • Information displayed about a current connection: • MAC address of access point device used by adapter • The current channel the connection is using • Transfer rate, throughput, link quality, signal strength • Configuration changes you can make: • Mode or network type • The SSID (service set identifier) • Encryption settings • Tx rate • TCP/IP configuration A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  28. Figure 8-45 Enter the SSID of a hot spot to which you want to connect A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  29. Sharing Files, Folders, and Applications • PCs in same workgroup or domain share resources • How to makes network shares available • Use My Network Places in Windows 2000/XP • Use Network Neighborhood in Windows 9x/Me • Windows components required for sharing resources • Client for Microsoft Networks • Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks • Creating a network share in Windows • Use Sharing tab in Properties dialog box of target A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  30. Network Drive Maps • Make the client PC appear to have a new hard drive • Physical hard drive space is on the host (the server) • Network File System (NFS) • Manages network drive maps between client and server • Is a type of distributed file system (DFS) • Provides more for highly reliable file sharing • Overview of steps to create a network drive map: • Create a network share on the host • Access network using remote computer (client) • Use Map Network Drive to map host drive to client A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  31. What If You Don't Want To Share? • Disable File and Printer Sharing • Hide PC from others looking at My Network Places • Hide a shared folder • Make your personal folders private A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  32. Security on a Wireless LAN • Methods for securing a wireless connection: • Disable SSID broadcasting • Filter MAC addresses • Data encryption; e.g., WPA (WiFi Protected Access) • Change firmware default settings • Update firmware • Use a firewall • Virtual private network (VPN) A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  33. Configure and Test Your Wireless Network • Installing the hardware • Position device and plug it in • Connect the device using a network or USB cable • Access point configuration is saved on firmware • Configuring the access point • Change default password to the administrative utility • Select basic wireless settings, such as the channel • Set up data encryption • Choose whether to filter MAC addresses • Save the settings and test the connection A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  34. Troubleshooting a Network Connection • Some symptoms indicating a faulty NIC: • You cannot make a connection to the network. • My Network Places does not show any other PCs • An error message displays during driver installation • Displaying TCP/IP connection information • Use Ipconfig under Windows 2000/XP • Use Winipcfg under Windows 9x/Me • Ping (Packet Internet Groper) diagnostic tool • Sends a signal to a remote computer • If remote PC is online and senses signal, it responds A+ Guide to Software, 4e

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