Design of Ignition System for SI Engines

1. Design of Ignition System for SI Engines P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Successful Ignition leads to Efficient Combustion…

2. Ignition Systems • The job of an ignition system is to create an environment, which can help few fuel molecules to reach their self ignition state. • Simply saying pouring of few ions into cylinder!!! • This environment is called spark • This will provoke self ignition of the air/fuel mixture at lower temperatures. • Types of conventional Spark Ignition Systems: • Magnetos • Induction (Kettering) Ignition  • Capcitance Ignition • Hybrid Ignition

3. Physics of Sparking • In 1889, F. Pashchen published a paper which set out what has become known as Paschen's Law. • The law essentially states that, at higher pressures (above a few torr) the breakdown characteristics of a gap are a function (generally not linear) of the product of the gas pressure and the gap length. • Usually written as the breakdown voltage, V= f( pd ), where p is the gas medium pressure and d is the gap distance. • Extensive additional experiments for different materials, lower pressures, different gases and a variety of electrode shapes have expanded the data set involved.

4. Spark Ignition • A spark is caused by applying a sufficiently high voltage between two electrodes separated by explosive gas in the gap. • When the the voltage across the electrodes is raised above a certain critical value (below which a spark may not even occur), a threshold energy is eventually obtained at which the spark ignites the charge • The electrical discharge produced between spark plug electrodes starts the combustion process • A high-temperature plasma kernel created by the spark develops into a self-sustaining and propagating flame front

5. Paschen Curve Paschen found that breakdown voltage was described by the equation Where V is the breakdown voltage, p is the pressure, d is the gap distance. The constants a and b depend upon the composition of the gas. For air at standard atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa, a = 43.6×106 V/(atm·m) and b = 12.8.

6. Mechanism of Spark Development i) pre-discharge, ii) breakdown, iii) breakdown/arc transition, iv) arc, v) arc/glow transition, and vi) glow

7. Break Down Phase • When enough feedback electrons are produced, the discharge current increases significantly from ~10 mA to ~200 A in ~1–10 ns. • At the same time, the voltage drops dramatically from ~10 kV to ~100 V. • The temperature rise rapidly (to ~ 60 000 K), resulting in the emission of a shock wave. • About 30% of the energy carried by the shock wave heats the surrounding gas within a very small sphere (diameter ~1 mm). • Due to the short duration, more than 80 % of the energy discharged in breakdown phase is transferred to the plasma.

8. Arc discharge Phase • Electrons emitted from the hot cathode spots are needed for the arc to be sustained. • The gap voltage is very low (~50 V). • The current varies from 0.5 mA to several kA, depending on the impedance of the external circuit. • The equilibrium kernel gas temperature is only about 6000 K because the continuous energy is lost to the electrodes. • The energy transfer efficiency of the arc phase is up to 50%.

9. Spark Plug : Hardware to Create and Contain Spark One curve corresponds to a series of experiments in which the electrode terminals were tipped with stainless steel spheres of 1.5 mm diameter. In the other series, the electrodes were similarly tipped and in addition were flanged by glass plates.

10. Evolution of Baby Spark into Baby Flame (Flamelet)ignition of the mixture

11. The Minimum Spark Energy

12. The effect of the spark plug gap on the brake specific fuel consumption

13. The effect of spark energy on the brake specific fuel consumption

14. Glow phase • Feedback electrons are liberated from the cathode by the ion impact. • The gap current drops to less than 200 mA. • The gap voltage in this phase is very low but constant at a value of about 500 V. • Typical temperature of the equilibrium kernel gas is about 3000 K, with less dissociation and only about 0.01 % ionized molecules. • Glow discharge lasts for more than 1 ms.

15. Total Ignition energy in air at 1 atm, 20C Fuel E’ (10-5J) Methane 33 Ethane 42 Propane 40 n-Hexane 95 Iso-Octane 29 Acetylene 3 Hydrogen 2 Methanol 21

16. Minimum Total Spark Energy • Effect of Various Parameters on MTSE: • Distance Between Electrodes • Fuel • Equivalence Ratio • Initial Temperature • Air Movement • Any situation leading to unavailability of required MSE will create missing stroke/incomplete combustion stroke. • This will reduce the fuel economy of SI engines.

17. Effect of velocity on spark ignition Remark: when the gas is moving ignition is more difficult Geometrical Model for Kernel due to spark ignition in flow.

18. Control of Turbulence Level for Efficient Ignition

20. Other Ignition systems • Ignition by an electrically heated wire • Ignition by flame or hot jet • Plasma jet ignition • Photochemical ignition • Microwave ignition • Laser ignition • Puff-jet ignition February 21, 2015: Laser ignition demonstrated in a real engine could boost engine efficiency by 27%. http://nextbigfuture.com/2015/02/laser-ignition-demonstrated-in-real.html

21. Eco-Friendly Modern Methods