INVERTEBRATES

1. INVERTEBRATES

2. Kingdom Animalia • Divided into vertebrates and • INVERTEBRATES (this ppt)

3. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS • NO BACKBONE • VERY DIVERSE • MORE THAT 1,000,000 SPECIES • FIRST MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS • CELL SIZE LIMITED TO SURFACE AREA & VOLUME • SPECIALIZATION: FUNCTIONS INCREASE ABILITY TO ADAPT TO CHANGING ENVIROMENT

4. PORIFERA “PORE BEARER” SESSILE LIVE: MARINE/FRESH WATER REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY BUDDING AND SEXUALLY W/EGG AND SPERM HERMAPHRODITES

5. SPONGE • 6) ASYMMETRICAL • 7) HAVE ENDODERM, ECTODERM • 8) THEY ARE FILTER FEEDERS, FILTER WATER • 9) NO DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • 10) NO PROTECTION • 11) MOUTH IS CALLED OSCULUM • 12) SKELETON IS CALLED SPICULES

8. CNIDARIA • RADIAL SYMMETRY • HAVE ENDODERM AND ECTODERM • 2 FORMS: POLYP AND MEDUSA • **THE POLYP IS SESSILE/STATIONARY • **THE MEDUSA IS THE MOVING/SWIMMING FORM • HAVE NEMATOCYSTS (STINGING CELLS) • ARE PREDATORS • HOLLOW GUT, W/ ONE OPENING • TENTACLES MOVE FOOD TO MOUTH

9. CNIDARIA (CONTINUED) • REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY (BUDDING) • NEED NO MATE! • GET OXYGEN BY DIFFUSION • EXS. HYDRA, CORAL, JELLYFISH

11. PLATYHELMINTHES =FLATWORMS • EXS. PLANARIA, FLUKES, TAPEWORMS • LIVE: FRESH AND SALTWATER • LEAST COMPLEX WORMS • NO BODY CAVITY=ACOELOMATES • BILATERAL SYMMETRY • HAVE ENDODERM, ECTODERM, MESODERM • CEPHALIZATION: ADV. HEAD/BRAIN REGION • GET FOOD: SCAVENGERS, NO COMPLEX DIG. TRACT • SENSE LIGHT? GANGLION IN HEAD, *EYESPOT

12. PLANARIA

13. FLUKES & TAPEWORMS • CUTICLE FOR PROTECTION • HOOKS FOR ATTACHMENT • SUCKERS FOR NUTRIENTS • SCOLEX = HEAD • PROGLOTTIDS =REPEATING UNITS

14. TAPEWORM

15. TRIVIA: THE ADULT TAPEWORM CAN GET UP TO 10 m IN LENGTH AND HAVE UP TO 2000 PROGLOTTIDS, EACH W/ 100,000 EGGS.

16. DISEASE IN HUMANS

17. SYMPTOMS • Liver flukes: Hyperplasia • For the most part, liver fluke infections are mild and do not exhibit major symptoms. Diagnosis is made by microscopic verification of fluke eggs in fecal matter and is readily treated by Praziquantel. Severe infections can cause hyperplasia (i.e., extra tissue cells) and interfere with the proper functioning of the liver. Hyperplasia can lead to abdominal pain and distension in 5 to 10 percent of infected patients. Liver flukes: Blocked bile ducts • The liver produces bile, helping the body to break down fats which exit the liver through the bile ducts to the gallbladder before leaving the body through the small intestines. Liver flukes infection can cause the bile ducts to become blocked. In turn, this can lead to bile building up in the liver and jaundice due to increased bilirubin levels in the bloodstream. Blocked bile ducts can cause dark urine, fever, itching and nausea. Liver flukes: Other symptoms • Major fluke infections can lead to flatulence and fatigue in some patients. Liver fluke infections of extended duration can also lead to fibrosis of the liver. Additionally, liver fluke infection has been strongly linked to cancer of the bile ducts (cholangiocarcinoma). Lung flukes: Respiratory difficulties • Major infection of lung flukes, caused by the consumption of undercooked crab infected with Paragonimuswestermanii, can manifest itself by coughing, increased sputum and chest pain. Infection can be severe enough to cause hemoptysis--the coughing up of blood. Some patients will experience chronic bronchitis. Symptoms of lung fluke infection can be the same as other pulmonary disorders such as tuberculosis, including fatigue, low-grade fever, persistent cough, loss of appetite, night sweats and blood in the sputum. Diagnosis is made by microscopic evaluation of sputum for the presence of Paragonimus eggs. X-ray examination can be used to determine lung flukes infections, but due to the similarity with other pulmonary disorders, a misdiagnosis can often be made. Just as with liver flukes infections, Praziquantel can be administered to treat lung flukes. Read more: Symptoms of Flukes Disease | eHow.comhttp://www.ehow.com/list_5806368_symptoms-flukes-disease.html#ixzz1FsdUNcBE

18. How do humans get tapeworms? • Canine Tapeworms • The most common form of tapeworm that can jump from dog host to human host are canine tapeworms. In dogs, these parasitic creatures live inside the digestive tract of the animal and leach the nutrients that the dog consumes. When the dog defecates, oftentimes tapeworm eggs and larvae can accompany the feces. If an adult or especially a child comes into contact with this feces and somehow ingests it (such as not washing before eating a meal), the eggs can hatch and grow inside the new human host. Once hatched, the larvae will grow into hydatid cyst in the liver and other surrounding organs. The cysts will continue to grow to as much as a foot in length and in most cases will need to be surgically removedRead more: How Do Humans Get Tapeworms From Dogs? | eHow.comhttp://www.ehow.com/how-does_5164980_do-humans-tapeworms-dogs.html#ixzz1FsdsoaOc

19. NEMATODA = ROUNDWORMS • WHERE? LAND, SALT/FRESH WATER • PSEUDOCOELOM • PARASITES IN PIGS, HORSE, HUMAN • TRICHINOSIS: FROM UNCOOKED PORK • HAVE CILIA, EYESPOTS AND NERVES • PROTECTION? THICK, MUCUS COATING • ARE ROUND AND THIN • MOISTURE? GET NUTRIENTS • HALF ARE PARASITES

20. CLASS ASCARIS=HOOKWORMS • CLASS TRICHIELLA = PINWORMS • MUSCLES RUN LENGTHWISE

21. HOOKWORMS IN DOGS • Hookworms attach themselves to a dog's intestinal walls and survive on the dog's blood. The worms are considered one of the most common internal parasites in dogs. There are three types of hookworms: Ancylostomacaninum, Ancylostomabraziliense and Uncinariastenocephala. • Difficulty: Easy • Instructions • 1 • Look for signs of anemia, such as pale gums, weakness and tar-like stool. Anemia is one of the signs specific to hookworms (the only other internal parasite that has anemia as a symptom is whipworms), as opposed to signs of other parasites. • 2 • Pay attention to your dog's outward appearance; look for signs of poor health, such as a dull coat and weight loss. Puppies often stop growing. • 3 • Watch for vomiting and diarrhea. Though these symptoms alone are seen in several infections that affect dogs, the symptoms combined with those above can indicate hookworm infection. • 4 • Listen for coughing. This can mean the hookworm infection has become especially severe and that the hookworms have entered the dog's lungs. • 5 • Have your veterinarian perform a fecal exam to look for hookworms. • Read more: How to Diagnose Hookworms in Dogs | eHow.comhttp://www.ehow.com/how_6172822_diagnose-hookworms-dogs.html#ixzz1Fsf3laii

22. How to get rid of hookworms: • Hookworm is a common parasite in dogs and puppies. Adult hookworms feed in the intestines and release eggs into the environment through a dog's feces. Hookworms can be passed from mother dog to her puppies and humans can also become infected through contact with contaminated soil. • Difficulty: Easy • Instructions • 1 • Know the signs of hookworm or get a proper diagnosis from your vet. Symptoms often include diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite, poor growth and weakness. Your vet may recommend a fecal flotation for symptoms, several times a year to check for parasites like hookworms. • 2 • Use a de-worming medication. Your vet may prescribe a de-wormer or you can try a natural product like food grade diatomaceous earth. You'll want to follow the directions as closely as possible to kill the hookworms that your dog has. • 3 • Repeat the de-worming medication again in about a month. This will help kill additional hookworms that may not have been in the intestinal tract during the first round. It may take several rounds to get rid of the various stages of hookworms. • 4 • Move the dog away from soil that may be contaminated with hookworm eggs. Dogs kept in small runs with dirt floors are particularly susceptible to reinfection. If you have damp soil or sand in your yard, you'll want to keep your dog off the soil as hookworms like this type of environment. • 5 • Clean the environment. As hookworm eggs can be licked off feet, toys and other items, wash or throw out your dog's toys and chew bones. Move your pet to another area of the yard, if possible. You'll also want to pick up fecal matter as quickly as you can to prevent the eggs from taking up residence in the ground. • Read more: How to Get Rid of a Dog's Hookworm | eHow.comhttp://www.ehow.com/how_2273667_get-rid-dogs-hookworm.html#ixzz1FsfOivFh

23. Pinworms in humans • Pinworm (Enterobiusvermicularis) infections are extremely common. Occurring world wide, it is estimated that there are more than 40 million cases in the United States each year, making it the most common worm infection in America. Although any individual may develop a case of pinworms, the infection occurs most frequently in school children between 5 to 10 years of age. Pinworm infections occur in all socioeconomic groups; however, human-to-human spread is favored by close, crowded living conditions. Spread among family members is common. Animals do not harbor pinworms - humans are the only natural host for this parasite. • The most common symptom of pinworms is an itchy rectal area. Symptoms are worse at night when the female worms are most active and crawl out of the anus to deposit their eggs. Although pinworm infections can be annoying, they rarely cause serious health problems and are usually not dangerous. Therapy with routine prescription medications provides an effective cure in almost all cases.

24. ANNELIDA • Segmented worms, “little rings” • Bristleworms, earthworms, leeches • All have: true coelom, body segments, burrowing adaptations, organ systems, setae • Bilateral symmetry • Have mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm

25. The earthworm • Longitudinal and circular muscular structure • Setae • Soil builders • Closed circulatory system • Clitellium has sperm/eggs • Feed on organic matter • hermaphrodites

26. OPEN VS. CLOSED CIRC. SYSTEM • The open circulatory system is the simpler of the two systems. Here, the heart pumps blood into open cavities, where blood vessels carry the blood throughout the body at a low pressure. There are two major differences between the open and closed system. First, the open system bathes all organs and tissues throughout the body with blood and, second, there are no arteries or major veins to increase blood pressure and direct distribution. Animals with an open circulatory system typically have lots of blood and low blood pressureRead more: Difference Between a Closed & Open Circulatory System | eHow.comhttp://www.ehow.com/about_6594843_difference-closed-open-circulatory-system.html#ixzz1FsiGJlTl

27. earthworm

29. Leech • Live: fresh water • Microsurgery? Stimulate blood flow

30. MOLLUSKA • SOFT BODY • BILATERAL SYMMETRY • ENDO, ECTO AND MESODERM • SHELLS • TRUE COELOM, GIVES PLACE FOR ORGAN SYSTEM SEPARATION • LARVAE: TROCHOPHORE • 3 PARTS: FOOT, HEAD, VISCERAL MASS • GILLS-RESPIRATION • 3 TYPES: GASTROPODS, BIVALVES, CEPHALOPODA

31. GASTROPODS • UNIVALVES • EXS. SNAILS, SLUGS, LIMPETS • STOMACH FOOTED • RADULA=TONGUE LIKE ROWS OF TEETH • SMALL BRAIN • OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • NEPHRIDIA

32. BIVALVIA • 2 HINGED SHELLS • EXS. OYSTERS, CLAMS, SCALLOPS • LIVE? MARINE WATER, SOME IN FRESH WATER • HEAD---RADULA • CILIA BEAT WATER…

33. OYSTERS

34. CEPHALOPODA • HEAD FOOTED • EXS. OCTOPUS, SQUID • SHARP EYESIGHT • MUSCULAR TENTACLES • COMPLEX BRAIN, ABILITY TO LEARN

36. ARTHROPODS • FIRST TO EVOLVE JOINTED APPENDAGES • CHITIN IN THICK HARD OUTER COVERING • CHARACTERISTICS: JOINTED LEGS/APPENDAGES, SEGMENTED BODY, EXOSKELETON, SYSTEMS • BILATERAL SYMMETRY • MOLTING • MALPIGHIAN TUBULES: METABOLIC WASTES • TYPES: CRUSTACEA, INSECTA, ARACHNIDA

37. CRUSTACEA • HAVE A CEPHALOTHORAX AND ABDOMEN • CLAW: CHELIPED • EXS. CRAB, CRAYFISH

38. CRAYFISH

39. INSECTA • ONE PR OF ANTENNA • 6 LEGS • TYMPANUM FOR HEARING • COMPOUND EYES • EXS. MILLIPEDE, CENTIPEDE, FLY, GRASSHOPPER

40. ARACHNIDS • 8 LEGS, 8 SIMPLE EYES • BODY SEGMENTS: CEPHALOTHORAX + ABDOMEN • FIRST PR OF APPENDAGES: CHELICERAE • SECOND PR: PEDIPALPS • EXS. SPIDER, SCORPION

41. ECHINODERMS • SPINY SKIN • LIVE? BOTTOM DWELLERS • PENTARADIAL SYMMETRY • ENDOSKELETON: CALCIUM PLATES CALLED OSSICLES • TUBE FEET • REPRODUCE SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY • EXS. STARFISH, SEASTAR, BRITTLE STAR, SEA URCHIN, SEA CUCUMBER • FEED ON MOLLUSKS

42. STARFISH

43. STARFISH

44. UROCHORDATA • TUNIC= TOUGH COVERING • FILTER FEEDERS BY CILIA • EX. TUNICATES

45. CEPHALOCHORDATA • EX. LANCELET